Concepedia

Water Hardness

Water Hardness is a chemical property of water defined as the total concentration of divalent cations, primarily calcium and magnesium ions, that distinguishes it from soft water by its capacity to precipitate soap and form scale in pipes and boilers.

816

Publications

34.4K

Citations

2.5K

Authors

876

Institutions

Publications per year

2017–2026

175

Parents

Publications

816

Stable Prenucleation Calcium Carbonate Clusters

Denis Gebauer, Antje Völkel, Helmut Cölfen · Science · 2008 · 1.6K citations

, , +17

Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in freshwater fish and<i>Daphnia</i>

Robert C. Santore, Dominic M. Di Toro, Paul R. Paquin et al. · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · 2001 · 539 citations

, , +17

Investigation on removal of hardness ions by capacitive deionization (CDI) for water softening applications

Seok‐Jun Seo, Hongrae Jeon, Jae Kwang Lee et al. · Water Research · 2009 · 448 citations

, , +15

Trophic State of Clear and Colored, Soft- and Hardwater Lakes with Special Consideration of Nutrients, Anoxia, Phytoplankton and Fish

Gertrud K. Nürnberg · Lake and Reservoir Management · 1996 · 398 citations · Full text

, , +16

RELATION BETWEEN MORTALITY FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND TREATED WATER SUPPLIES

Henry A. Schroeder · Journal of the American Medical Association · 1960 · 316 citations

, , +16

1–5 of 816

Authors

2.5K

  1. BB
    Bernardo Baldisserotto

    Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil

    12 publications · 339 citations

    12

    h-index

  2. CM
    Chris M. Wood

    McMaster University, Canada

    9 publications · 476 citations

    9

    h-index

  3. SJ
    Scott J. Markich

    Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australia

    7 publications · 463 citations

    7

    h-index

  4. LG
    Luciano Garcia

    Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil

    6 publications · 182 citations

    6

    h-index

  5. LN
    L.C. Neri

    University of Ottawa, Canada

    6 publications · 202 citations

    6

    h-index

1–5 of 2.5K

Institutions

876

  1. United States Geological Survey

    Reston, United States

    15 h-index

    50 publications

    2.1K citations

  2. United States Fish and Wildlife Service

    Washington, United States

    13 h-index

    33 publications

    1.2K citations

  3. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria

    Santa Maria, Brazil

    12 h-index

    42 publications

    1.2K citations

  4. McMaster University

    Hamilton, Canada

    10 h-index

    21 publications

    1.1K citations

  5. Tehran University of Medical Sciences

    Tehran, Iran

    8 h-index

    17 publications

    668 citations

  6. Environmental Protection Agency

    Washington, United States

    7 h-index

    14 publications

    645 citations

  7. University of Guelph

    Guelph, Canada

    7 h-index

    20 publications

    780 citations

  8. Procter & Gamble (United States)

    Cincinnati, United States

    6 h-index

    14 publications

    593 citations

1–8 of 876

Venues

  1. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

    60 publications · 3.6K citations

    36

    h-index

  2. PubMed

    Repository · 28 publications · 1.1K citations

    18

    h-index

  3. Water Research

    14 publications · 1.4K citations

    13

    h-index

  4. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society

    JAOCS · 14 publications · 320 citations

    12

    h-index

  5. Environmental Science & Technology

    12 publications · 1.1K citations

    12

    h-index

1–5