Visualization (data visualization) is the graphical representation and presentation of data and information, employing visual elements such as charts, graphs, maps, and diagrams to facilitate understanding, analysis, and communication of complex datasets. It serves as a critical methodology across various academic and applied disciplines, including big data analytics, data mining, geographic information systems, biomedical imaging, and experimental psychology, by leveraging human visual perception to identify patterns, trends, outliers, and relationships that are obscured in raw numerical or textual forms. Its significance lies in its ability to transform abstract data into interpretable visual insights, thereby supporting informed decision-making, hypothesis generation, and knowledge discovery.