Urban vulnerability is a multifaceted academic concept and research area that investigates the susceptibility of urban systems, including populations, infrastructure, economies, and environments, to the adverse impacts of various hazards, stresses, and shocks. It examines the intrinsic characteristics of urban components that influence their exposure and sensitivity to threats, alongside the capacities or limitations within the system to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from impacts. This concept is critical for understanding urban risk, informing disaster risk reduction strategies, guiding climate change adaptation planning, and promoting equitable and resilient urban development.