• Seismotectonics emerged as a unified framework combining seismology, fault geometry, and plate-scale dynamics to interpret earthquake distributions, recurrence, and stress transfer. The Founders of Seismology (1921) and subsequent regional studies (Antilles, Haiti, Jamaica, Yakutat, Hawaii) illustrate this shift toward tectonic interpretation of seismicity and deformation [8], [9], [10], [12], [13], [17].

• Regional tectonics and fault geometry are explored through cross-regional comparisons of fault systems, troughs, and crustal movements, emphasizing geometry, interaction, and neotectonics. Exemplars include The Great Fault Troughs of the Antilles, The Geology of Cyrenaica, The Geology Bardsey Island, The Movements of the earth's surface crust, and The Isthmus of Tehuantepec [4], [8], [16], [18], [20].

• Volcanism and igneous processes are treated as integral to tectonic frameworks, linking magma genesis, crustal differentiation, and tectonophysics. Key works address Hawaiian volcanism, volcanic exhalations, and origin of igneous rocks, contributing to a petro-tectonic synthesis across regional geology and petrology [5], [7], [15].

• Geodesy, earth structure measurements, and geophysical methods underpin tectonics in this period, with Rigidity of the Earth and earth-surface dynamics informing crustal movement and stress fields, complemented by geophysical analyses of mass movement and earth-flow phenomena [2], [18], [19].

• Regional geology and palaeogeography inform tectonic interpretations by reconstructing ancient configurations and stratigraphic contexts, linking palaeogeography with tectonophysics and regional structure across Spitzbergen, Cyrenaica, Bardsey Island, and Tehuantepec [1], [4], [16], [20].