• Experimental and physiological psychology converge on measurement, neural mechanisms, and psychophysics as core methods, spanning reflex conditioning, animal and human studies, and early psychophysiology [5], [7], [9], [10], [12], [15].

• Clinical and psychopathological orientations recast psychology as psychiatry-integrated science, addressing everyday trauma, mental disease concepts, and dream/psychic phenomena as data sources [1], [4], [18], [20].

• Learning, conditioning, and habit formation drive core theoretical frames, linking conditioned reflexes, pharmacology of learning, dog training, and chess learning to general behavioral change [5], [8], [15], [16], [17].

• Cognition, consciousness, self, and dream/identity processes frame higher mental life and social cognition, with studies on consciousness, testimony, individuality, and dream interpretation guiding theory [2], [4], [11], [19].