Proppants is a research concept centered on specialized particulate materials utilized in hydraulic fracturing operations to sustain induced fracture conductivity. Academic investigation in this field encompasses the characterization and optimization of their physical properties, such as particle size distribution, shape, mechanical strength, and intrinsic material characteristics including porosity and permeability, which are critical determinants of fracture hydraulic conductivity. Research also explores the development of novel proppant materials with enhanced functionalities, such as electromagnetic properties for fracture monitoring, aiming to improve the efficiency, economic viability, and technological capabilities of hydrocarbon extraction from unconventional reservoirs.