Primary aldosteronism is a significant endocrine disorder characterized by the inappropriate, autonomous overproduction of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, independent of the renin-angiotensin system. As an academic and clinical research concept, it investigates the molecular mechanisms driving this hypersecretion, develops diagnostic methodologies for accurate identification, analyzes its diverse pathophysiological consequences, particularly on cardiovascular and renal function, and evaluates therapeutic strategies, highlighting its crucial role in understanding and managing hypertension and related complications.