• Acoustic cues for consonants and fricatives were identified through spectral analysis, noise energy cues, and formant-transition patterns, shaping perception across stops and fricatives in CV contexts [3], [2], [12], [13], [14], [20].

• Temporal dynamics in speech—vowel/diphthong nucleus durations, closure timing, and pause structure—were quantified to explain phoneme perception and syllabic timing across English [1], [6], [5], [4], [19].

• Physiological and articulatory modeling grounded phonetics in physical mechanisms, with physiological theory, quantitative articulation descriptions, and vocal-tract vibration/resonance analyses guiding theory [11], [16], [17].

• Early synthesis-focused work defined rules and tested perceptual responses to synthetic speech, linking production constraints with listener judgments and showing limits of phoneme-based synthesis [7], [8].

• Cross-language voicing contrasts and boundary perception illuminated universal cues and language-specific patterns, using acoustical measurements and CV-transition analyses across stops [18], [10], [14].

• Perceptual confusion and phoneme boundary processing highlighted robust patterns of misidentification under noise and distortion, contributing to a broader view of phoneme categorization in early psycholinguistics [14], [20], [10].