Patient monitoring is the systematic observation and measurement of physiological parameters and clinical status of a patient. As a research field and methodological approach, it investigates the principles, technologies, and clinical applications involved in the continuous or intermittent acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of patient data over time. This encompasses the study of methodologies for data collection using various sensors and devices, the development of data processing and analysis techniques for trend detection and risk prediction, and the evaluation of its effectiveness in enhancing clinical decision-making, improving patient safety, optimizing therapeutic outcomes, and supporting clinical research.