• Life-cycle biology and cultivation of intestinal protozoa across humans and nonhuman primates; emphasizes complete life histories, culture methods, and natural infections of Entamoeba histolytica‑like species, shaping foundational parasitology. [1], [2], [3], [6], [12], [13].

• Taxonomic revision and systematic parasitology across hosts: comprehensive revisions and inventories of nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and protozoa, documenting classification frameworks and cross-host comparisons. [5], [9], [16], [17], [18], [20].

• Vector and host-mediated transmission biology: analysis of vectors and intermediate hosts (flies, leishmaniasis vectors, blowflies) as conduits of parasite spread, including experimental transmission and host–parasite interactions that reveal transmission pathways. [4], [10], [11], [15], [19].

• Disease ecology and public health framing: cross-species disease dynamics and geographic contexts—Near East and other regions—highlighting zoonotic potential, human health implications, and disease management. [4], [6], [10], [13], [16].