• Cerebral function is framed as a vascular–metabolic system where blood flow, substrate delivery, and energetic metabolism jointly regulate neural activity across primate and rodent brains [2], [3], [6], [7], [17].

• Electrical stimulation, EEG, and electrophysiology define functional localization and mapping, establishing foundational neuroimaging concepts in humans and animals [4], [8], [15], [18], [20].

• Autonomic circuits are studied through sympathetic neurotransmission, hypothalamic regulation, and adrenal/heart innervation, revealing neuroendocrine control of visceral function [5], [10], [11], [12], [13].

• Comparative anatomical mapping across vertebrates highlights conserved brain structures and connections, informing functional organization and evolutionary trends [1], [7], [9], [17].

• Broad neurophysiological measurement and physiology principles underpin nervous system functioning, from cerebral circulation to cortical activity, enabling integrative insights [2], [4], [19].