Neoadjuvant therapy is an established therapeutic strategy within oncology characterized by the delivery of systemic or local treatment before the primary definitive local intervention, typically surgery. As a clinical methodology and significant research area, it investigates the optimal application, efficacy, and biological effects of pre-operative treatments aimed at reducing tumor burden, improving resectability, assessing *in vivo* treatment response, identifying prognostic and predictive markers, and ultimately enhancing long-term patient outcomes.