• Water quality and aquatic-ecosystem integrity emerge as central mining concerns, with studies tracing pit-lake hydrology, surface-water disruptions, metal mobility, and bioavailability effects on soils and freshwater systems [1], [2], [9], [20], [15].

• Regulatory governance, risk management, and justice frameworks shape mining practice, linking environmental management in developing contexts, Ok Tedi case outcomes, risk-management patterns, and BMP/compliance assessments [10], [18], [14], [8], [6].

• Economic development and policy dimensions of mining concentrate on small-scale enterprise transformation, SME mining guidelines, and the heterogeneity of mining-dependent regions, highlighting governance, development economics, and sustainable development tensions [5], [11], [7], [17], [16].

• Data-driven monitoring and methodological frameworks underpin mining impact assessment, including mine-inspection data analysis, remining discharge statistics, GIS subsidence modeling, and metal-pollution measurement methods [3], [4], [13], [20].