Membrane processes is a field of study and a set of separation technologies that employ selective barriers (membranes) to separate components of mixtures based on physical or chemical properties. This academic concept investigates the fundamental principles of mass transport across membranes, the development and characterization of novel membrane materials, and the design, optimization, and application of membrane-based systems for purification, concentration, and fractionation in diverse fields such as water treatment, gas separation, biotechnology, and chemical processing, offering energy-efficient and environmentally sound alternatives to conventional separation methods.