• Bank lending relationships shape access, pricing, and risk through information asymmetries and ongoing monitoring, with loan commitments, collateral use, and bank-specific screening distinguishing banks from other lenders. [6] [5] [19] [12] [20] [4]

• Determinants of corporate debt and capital structure reveal trade-offs among tax, investment risk, governance, and instrument choice, highlighting how firms rely on bank loans, capital-structure patterns, and restructurings to manage costs and flexibility. [2] [9] [15] [11]

• Credit cycles and macro shocks influence credit supply and demand, producing credit-crunch dynamics, shifts in lending growth, and the impact of bank M&As on small-business credit access. [17] [3] [18] [8]

• Pricing and valuation of loan-backed securities and mortgage instruments show embedded option-like features and collateral risk, linking prepayment, amortization, and securitization to risk-adjusted pricing. [13] [16] [10]