Liver is a major area of biomedical research and clinical study focusing on the structure, diverse metabolic functions, and pathological conditions of the vertebrate organ responsible for detoxification, synthesis of essential biomolecules, and energy storage. This field investigates hepatic physiology, disease mechanisms (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer), diagnostic methods, and therapeutic interventions, underscoring its critical significance in systemic homeostasis and clinical medicine.