• Endocrine orchestration of mammary development and lactation involves pituitary mammogenic factors and prolactin signaling, modulated by ovarian steroids to drive ductal/alveolar development and milk production. [14] [17] [16] [15] [11]

• Hormonal inhibition/modulation of lactation demonstrates experimental control points: testosterone propionate suppresses lactation in puerperium; high estrogen inhibits mammary growth, highlighting opposing endocrine effects. [8] [11]

• Nutritional and metabolic substrates underpin lactation: milk vitamin content (thiamine/B vitamins) and glucose/lactic acid kinetics reveal mammary uptake and energetic demands during lactation. [5] [13] [9]

• Milk-associated factors and oncogenesis explored: studies report active milk influence on milk-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice and the preservation of this activity after processing. [7] [12]

• Mammary gland physiology and endocrine interactions during pregnancy, lactation, and involution: shifts in enzymatic contents, thyroid/adrenal influences, and involution dynamics. [4] [19] [20] [6]