Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of HIV and AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that primarily attacks the body's immune system, leading to a progressive decline in immune function. If left untreated, HIV can progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of HIV infection.[2.1] The virus is transmitted through specific high-risk behaviors, such as unprotected anal or vaginal sex and sharing needles or syringes.[3.1] Due to advancements in treatment options, HIV infection is now considered a manageable chronic health condition. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for individuals diagnosed with HIV. It significantly reduces the viral load in the blood, helps maintain immune function, and is recommended for all individuals with HIV. This enables them to lead long and healthy lives while also preventing the transmission of the virus to others.[2.1][3.1]Modes of Transmission
The transmission of HIV primarily occurs through the exchange of bodily fluids, with the most common routes being unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles among intravenous drug users, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. To effectively combat HIV transmission, it is essential to employ a combination of prevention strategies, as no single approach can address all risk factors adequately. The scientific consensus highlights that implementing multiple interventions together leads to greater reductions in transmission rates. For example, integrated care models that include mental health support and substance use treatment have shown promise in enhancing patient adherence to treatment and improving health outcomes.[6.1] Recent innovations in HIV prevention focus on the development and wider availability of long-acting formulations for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), marking a significant advancement in the fight against HIV.[4.1] Additionally, digital health technologies are transforming HIV care by improving access to prevention and treatment services, facilitating personalized care, and enhancing adherence to treatment regimens.[5.1] Moreover, initiatives aimed at improving routine HIV testing and immediate linkage to care services are crucial components of contemporary strategies. These efforts focus on geographic areas with the highest rates of HIV diagnoses, ensuring that both individuals who test positive and those who test negative receive appropriate care and prevention services.[7.1]History
Timeline of HIV and AIDS Epidemic
The timeline of the HIV and AIDS epidemic begins in the early 1980s when the first cases were reported, leading to a growing awareness of the disease. In 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) noted unusual cases of pneumonia and cancer among previously healthy individuals, marking the initial recognition of what would later be identified as AIDS.[33.1] The term "Gay-Related Immune Deficiency" (GRID) was introduced in a New York Times article in May 1983, which contributed to misconceptions about the disease being limited to gay men.[34.1] By 1985, the first commercial blood test for HIV was developed, allowing for the screening of blood donations and increasing awareness of the virus.[35.1] The late 1980s saw significant advocacy efforts, exemplified by the formation of the ACT UP coalition, which pushed for rapid access to treatment and research advancements.[38.1] In 1988, the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) began awarding grants to establish HIV/AIDS care systems, laying the groundwork for future programs.[36.1] The 1990s marked a pivotal period with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which significantly improved the prognosis for individuals living with HIV. By the end of the decade, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) reported that AIDS had become the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa.[35.1] In the 2000s, the global response to the epidemic intensified, with initiatives like the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) launched in 2003, aiming to provide treatment and prevention resources.[36.1] The introduction of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 further expanded health insurance coverage for individuals with HIV, reflecting a shift towards more inclusive health policies.[36.1] As of 2022, the HIV.gov timeline highlights ongoing efforts to combat the epidemic, including national awareness campaigns aimed at encouraging individuals with HIV to seek care and achieve viral suppression through ART.[32.1] Despite significant progress, the need for continued advocacy and support for marginalized communities remains critical, as stigma and discrimination continue to impact public health responses.[41.1]Key Milestones in HIV Research and Treatment
Advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have significantly transformed the landscape of HIV treatment and prevention, marking key milestones in the history of HIV research. The development of long-acting injectable antiretrovirals, such as cabotegravir and rilpivirine, represents a major breakthrough, allowing for less frequent dosing and improved adherence compared to daily oral therapies. These long-acting formulations have shown robust efficacy in clinical trials, with studies indicating sustained viral suppression over extended periods, thus enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with HIV.[65.1] Moreover, the introduction of novel drugs has led to better-tolerated medications that provide sustained viral suppression and immune reconstitution. This includes long-acting injectables and implants, which are pivotal in both treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) strategies.[65.1] The ongoing evolution of ART has made HIV a manageable and preventable condition, contributing to the goal of ending the HIV pandemic.[64.1] Despite these advancements, challenges remain. In the United States, for instance, approximately 30,000 new HIV infections were reported in 2022, and less than 70% of individuals living with HIV achieved virological suppression.[64.1] Nevertheless, the global HIV response continues to progress, with innovative approaches for therapy management and prevention emerging, including options for 2-monthly and 6-monthly dosing intervals, which promise to further enhance treatment adherence and outcomes.[67.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Treatment Innovations
Recent advancements in HIV treatment have led to significant innovations that enhance patient care and improve health outcomes. One of the most notable developments is the introduction of long-acting injectable medications, which have emerged as a promising alternative to daily oral antiretroviral therapies. These long-acting treatments have demonstrated superior efficacy in suppressing HIV replication, offering patients a more convenient and effective option for managing their condition.[76.1] The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has prioritized the development of long-acting therapies that could potentially reduce the frequency of dosing to once a week, once a month, or even less often, thereby addressing the adherence challenges associated with daily medication regimens.[77.1] This initiative is supported by a consortium of experts aimed at translating innovative ideas into practical solutions for long-acting HIV drugs. In addition to pharmacological advancements, integrated care models that encompass mental health support and substance use treatment have been shown to improve adherence to HIV treatment and overall patient outcomes.[78.1] Furthermore, the integration of digital health technologies is revolutionizing HIV care by enhancing access to treatment and support services, thereby facilitating personalized care options for individuals living with HIV.[78.1] The role of artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics is also becoming increasingly significant in the management of HIV. AI is being harnessed to predict drug resistance and personalize treatment plans, which optimizes the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy.[88.1] By integrating genomic and clinical data, predictive modeling frameworks are being developed to enhance treatment outcomes for patients.[88.1] These advancements align with broader public health goals, such as the U.S. government's initiative to end the HIV epidemic within a decade, which emphasizes the importance of innovative treatment strategies and improved patient engagement.[89.1]In this section:
Public Health Impact
Global Statistics and Trends
As of 2023, approximately 39.9 million people globally are living with HIV, with an estimated 1.3 million new infections occurring that year. This reflects a significant decline of 39% in new infections since 2010 and a 60% decline since the peak in 1995.[144.1] Despite these positive trends, HIV remains a major public health challenge, particularly among certain populations. In the United States, about 1.2 million individuals aged 13 and older are living with HIV, with 31,800 new infections reported in 2022, marking a 12% decrease from 2018.[145.1] HIV disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities, as well as gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM).[145.1] Although adolescents and young adults living with HIV are experiencing longer lifespans, the rate of new infections in this age group is not declining rapidly enough to meet the global goal of ending AIDS as a health threat by 2030. Current projections suggest that new infections among adolescent girls and young women need to decrease at an average annual rate of 14% to contribute effectively to this goal.[143.1] Access to treatment has improved significantly, with 77% of all people living with HIV globally (approximately 30.7 million individuals) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) by the end of 2023.[144.1] However, forecasts indicate that if current levels of HIV control are maintained, the ambitious targets for reducing incidence and mortality by 2030 may not be met, leaving over 40 million people worldwide in need of lifelong ART for decades to come.[146.1] This underscores the necessity for sustained and enhanced efforts from the global community to achieve meaningful progress in combating the HIV epidemic.Stigma and Awareness Initiatives
Stigma surrounding HIV remains a significant barrier to effective treatment and prevention, particularly for marginalized communities who face compounded challenges related to mental illness and addiction. Studies indicate that stigma not only hinders access to healthcare but also exacerbates the health disparities experienced by these populations.[137.1] To combat this issue, innovative community-based interventions, such as CHAMP, have been developed to integrate psychological support with collective empowerment strategies aimed at reducing stigma.[137.1] Community leaders play a crucial role in addressing stigma by fostering trust and facilitating communication within marginalized populations affected by HIV. Their involvement is essential for mobilizing community resources and ensuring that interventions are culturally relevant and effective.[138.1] However, it is imperative that these leaders receive adequate support and resources to fulfill their roles effectively.[138.1] Addressing psychological barriers, such as fear and denial, is also vital in reducing stigma. Establishing a rapport with affected individuals can help create a safe space for open dialogue, which is necessary for overcoming these psychological hurdles.[139.1] Furthermore, inclusive care that recognizes the unique needs of high-risk populations is essential for improving health outcomes and fostering a more equitable healthcare system.[141.1] Policy changes are critical in mitigating stigma and enhancing access to HIV services. For instance, Mexico has implemented a multipronged policy approach that includes legal reforms and community-tailored services aimed at reducing stigma as a barrier to HIV care.[140.1] Similarly, the South Africa National Strategic Plan for HIV emphasizes the need for public awareness campaigns and healthcare worker training to address stigma and discrimination.[140.1] The "We the People" framework outlines specific actions to dismantle systemic barriers faced by Black communities, emphasizing the need for resources that address social and structural factors impacting health outcomes.[142.1] This framework aims to empower these communities to become agents of change in the fight against HIV, thereby fostering a more supportive environment for those affected.[142.1]Prevention Strategies
Behavioral Interventions
Behavioral interventions are essential in preventing HIV transmission by encouraging safer practices and reducing risk behaviors. A key strategy is the use of barrier methods, such as condoms, which significantly decrease the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during sexual contact.[157.1] Additionally, educating individuals about HIV transmission modes is crucial; understanding that HIV is primarily spread through anal or vaginal sex and sharing needles enables informed decision-making for self-protection.[156.1] Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has become a highly effective preventive measure. When adhered to as prescribed, PrEP can lower the risk of contracting HIV through sexual contact by approximately 99%.[157.1] This involves taking a specific HIV medication daily or receiving an injectable form every two months, offering a proactive approach to prevention.[158.1] Public health campaigns promoting the U=U (undetectable equals untransmittable) message have been pivotal in reducing stigma and encouraging healthcare engagement among individuals living with HIV. This not only enhances their wellbeing but also aids in reducing new infections.[160.1] Enhancing access to HIV prevention services, especially in high-risk populations, is critical. Programs that educate healthcare professionals on evidence-based prevention strategies and conduct outreach to connect individuals with testing and treatment services are vital components of effective behavioral interventions.[163.1]Technological and Biomedical Approaches
Recent advancements in biomedical approaches to HIV prevention have focused on improving the efficacy and accessibility of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). A significant development is the introduction of long-acting injectable formulations, such as lenacapavir, which has shown promising results in clinical trials. The PURPOSE-2 trial demonstrated that lenacapavir, administered via subcutaneous injection twice a year, achieved a 96% reduction in HIV incidence among diverse populations, including cisgender men, transgender individuals, and gender non-binary persons who have sex with partners assigned male at birth. This injectable formulation was found to be 89% more effective than the traditional daily oral regimen of TDF/FTC in preventing HIV acquisition.[194.1] The ongoing PURPOSE studies are further assessing lenacapavir's effectiveness across a wide range of participants, which is crucial for understanding its potential impact on various demographics.[193.1] These advancements in long-acting antiretrovirals (ARVs) address the challenge of poor adherence to daily oral PrEP, a significant barrier to effective HIV prevention.[192.1] In addition to these biomedical innovations, technological advancements are transforming HIV prevention strategies. Digital health technologies are enhancing access to care, improving adherence to treatment, and providing personalized support services. Integrated care models that incorporate mental health support and substance use treatment are particularly beneficial, as they help patients manage the psychological and behavioral aspects of living with HIV, leading to better health outcomes.[195.1] Together, these technological and biomedical approaches represent a significant shift in HIV prevention strategies, aiming to provide more effective and accessible options for at-risk populations.Living With Hiv
Treatment and Management
Effective management of HIV has significantly evolved, enabling many individuals with the virus to lead long and healthy lives. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains the cornerstone of HIV treatment, demonstrating safety and effectiveness with generally mild side effects.[212.1] The recent approval of Sunlenca (lenacapavir) marks a significant advancement, offering a new option for adults whose HIV cannot be treated with existing therapies due to resistance or safety concerns. This medication, administered as subcutaneous injections every six months, reduces the frequency of medication intake from daily to just a few days a year.[209.1] The management of HIV continues to improve with increasing options for initial therapy and novel approaches for switching therapies. These advancements include effective strategies for managing co-infections, which are common among individuals living with HIV.[210.1] For those achieving an undetectable viral load, injectable medications provide a convenient alternative to daily pills, alleviating "pill fatigue" and simplifying treatment regimens.[211.1] In terms of overall health and quality of life, ART not only focuses on viral suppression but also addresses other health issues, particularly those associated with aging. This comprehensive approach allows many people with HIV to live a normal or near-normal lifespan, provided they have access to regular monitoring and support for any additional health concerns.[212.1] As a result, individuals living with HIV can maintain a good quality of life through comprehensive healthcare services.[212.1]Support Systems and Resources
Support systems and resources are vital for individuals living with HIV, addressing both health needs and the stigma associated with the virus. Community health initiatives are key in preventing new infections and providing care for those affected by HIV/AIDS. These initiatives often include education and support services, which enhance the quality of life for individuals with HIV/AIDS and help reduce transmission risks.[216.1] Community support organizations play a crucial role by fostering environments that combat stigma through education and support. Effective strategies include peer support programs, community education events, and collaboration with local organizations.[206.1] Evidence from various studies indicates that community-based interventions significantly reduce HIV-related stigma.[208.1] Incorporating coping skills, cultural activities, and community participation into support programs benefits individuals living with HIV. These approaches not only increase knowledge about HIV/AIDS but also promote risk reduction counseling and peer-group support interventions.[217.1] Federal and state health agencies further these efforts by developing targeted HIV prevention programs, disseminating educational resources, and conducting research to enhance prevention strategies.[204.1] For example, the Indian Health Service (IHS) coordinates HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment activities specifically for American Indian and Alaska Native populations, ensuring tailored support for these communities.[203.1]References
[2] HIV and AIDS: The Basics | NIH - HIVinfo — If untreated, HIV may cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the use of HIV medicines that reduce the level of HIV in the blood (called viral load). ART is recommended for everyone who has HIV. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the use of HIV medicines to treat HIV infection. ART is recommended for everyone who has HIV.
[3] About HIV | HIV | CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — HIV View All HIV About HIV There are many ways to prevent HIV, like using PrEP, PEP, condoms and never sharing needles. HIV treatment helps people live long, healthy lives and prevents HIV transmission. Having these symptoms alone doesn't mean you have HIV. Most people who get HIV get it through anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment. If you have HIV, there are many ways to prevent transmitting HIV to others, including taking HIV treatment to get and keep an undetectable viral load. Get tested for HIV When people with HIV don't get treatment, they typically progress through three stages. People who take HIV treatment as prescribed may never move into Stage 3 (AIDS). HIV
[4] PDF — Annex 2 Detailed HIV prevention targets in the Global AIDS Strategy 2021-2026 32 ... impact and it emphasizes the need to prepare for wider availability and use of innovative HIV prevention tools (such as long-acting formulations for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) ... testing, treatment and the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV. 6
[5] PDF — OPEN ACCESS ©NIJRMS ONLINE ISSN: 2992-5460 Publications 2024 PRINT ISSN: 2992-6041 Page | 65 https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJRMS/2024/5.3.6570 Innovations in HIV Prevention and Treatment: The Future of HIV Care Mugisha Emmanuel K. Keywords: HIV Innovations, Prevention Strategies, Long-Acting ART, Integrated Care Models, Digital Health Technologies. Integrated care models that include mental health support and substance use treatment help patients manage the psychological and behavioral aspects of living with HIV, leading to better adherence to treatment and improved outcomes. DIGITAL HEALTH INNOVATIONS Digital health innovations are revolutionizing HIV care by leveraging technology to enhance prevention, treatment, and support services . Digital health innovations are further revolutionizing HIV care by improving access, adherence, and personalized treatment through technology-driven solutions.
[6] Elimination of HIV transmission through novel and established ... — The general scientific consensus is that a combination of HIV prevention strategies is needed to effectively combat HIV outbreaks; no recommended single strategy addresses all risk factors for HIV transmission, and greater improvements are often observed when multiple interventions are delivered together. 8 For example, methadone maintenance
[7] Key EHE Strategies - HIV.gov — About HIV & AIDS What Are HIV and AIDS? Who Is at Risk for HIV? HIV and AIDS Timeline HIV Prevention HIV Testing HIV Treatment National HIV/AIDS Strategy National HIV/AIDS Strategy (2022-2025) HIV Care and Treatment Activities National Ryan White Conference on HIV Care & Treatment Improved, more accessible, and routine HIV testing, immediately connecting people with HIV to care services, and connecting those who test negative to appropriate prevention services are important activities supporting this strategy. Increasing investments in geographic areas where the most HIV diagnoses occur through existing programs such as the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program as well as establishing new programs through community health centers to provide outreach, HIV testing, PrEP, and care coordination. HIV.gov
[32] A Timeline of HIV and AIDS — The HIV.gov Timeline reflects the history of the domestic HIV/AIDS epidemic from the first reported cases in 1981 to the present—where advances in HIV prevention, care, and treatment offer hope for a long, healthy life to people who are living with, or at risk for, HIV and AIDS. June 15: HHS’ Office of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Disease Policy (OIDP) launched a national awareness campaign called “I am a Work of ART,” to encourage people with HIV who are not in care to seek and stay in care and achieve viral suppression through antiretroviral therapy (ART). December 2: The Indian Health Service observes World AIDS Day 2022 with the release of the Indigenous HIV/AIDS Syndemic Strategy: Weaving Together the National HIV, STI, and Viral Hepatitis Plans, referred to as the Indigi-HASExit Disclaimer.
[33] History of HIV/AIDS - CANFAR — History of HIV/AIDS | CANFAR About HIV/AIDS History of HIV/AIDS About HIV/AIDS History of HIV/AIDS About HIV/AIDS History of HIV/AIDS History of HIV/AIDS However, it wasn’t until the early 1980s, when rare types of pneumonia, cancer, and other illnesses were being reported to doctors that the world became aware of HIV and AIDS. This timeline highlights some of the major events and discoveries in HIV and AIDS since this time. CANFAR-funded researcher Dr. Mark Wainberg contributed to the development of 3TC, a drug being used to treat HIV. There are an estimated 23 million people living with HIV and AIDS worldwide. CANFAR-funded researcher, Dr. Kelly McDonald unveils a new HIV vaccine candidate that can reduce, and in some cases prevent, HIV progression.
[34] HIV/AIDS Timeline - Crisis, 1980s, Protests - HISTORY — For several years after the Center for Disease Control first realized that the illnesses cropping up in communities around the country were all the work of the same virus, the American government did little to address the epidemic, a failure to act that many attribute to the fact that HIV/AIDS was primarily affecting gay men, intravenous drug users, immigrants and racial minorities. May 11 – In an article titled “New Homosexual Disorder Worries Health Officials,” the New York Times first publishes the phrase Gay-Related Immune Deficiency, or GRID, contributing to the widespread misconception that AIDS only affects gay men. May 26 – The Surgeon General releases the nation's first coordinated HIV/AIDS education strategy, mailing out 107 million copies of a pamphlet titled Understanding AIDS in an attempt to reach every household in America, the largest public mailing in history.
[35] History of AIDS - Epidemic, Timeline & HIV | HISTORY — History of AIDS - Epidemic, Timeline & HIV | HISTORY History of AIDS In the 1980s and early 1990s, the outbreak of HIV and AIDS swept across the United States and rest of the world, though the disease originated decades earlier. Today, more than 70 million people have been infected with HIV and about 35 million have died from AIDS since the start of the pandemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Treatments have been developed to slow the progress of the disease, but 35 million people have died of AIDS since its discoveryRead more: The History of AIDS The following year, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) reported that AIDS was by far the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. History of AIDS History
[36] Global HIV/AIDS Timeline - KFF — The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) awards 21 grants to plan for HIV/AIDS systems of care, laying groundwork for statewide programs later funded through Ryan White CARE Act. U.S. Health Omnibus Programs Extension (HOPE) Act of 1988 authorizes use of federal funds for HIV/AIDS prevention, education, and testing. First National Gay Men’s HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in U.S. First National Caribbean American HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in U.S. Obama Administration releases first comprehensive National HIV/AIDS Strategy for U.S. U.S. President Obama signs comprehensive health reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), into law, which provides new health insurance coverage opportunities for millions of individuals in U.S., including people with HIV. HIV/AIDS in U.S. PEPFAR
[38] Remembering the History of HIV/AIDS • Ashank Desai Centre for Policy ... — By the late 1980s, the AIDS movement had given birth to the ACT UP coalition, which embodied the spirit of public health advocacy and AIDS exceptionalism. It called for policies that ensured quick translation of bench research on disease modifying drugs into easily available medication for HIV infected individuals (Patton, 2002).
[41] The Public Health Response to HIV/AIDS: What Have We Learned? — In fact, it was largely based on our success in providing supportive housing (i.e. housing with on-site supportive services such as case management, substance treatment) for people with AIDS, that our health department developed a supportive housing program for people with other medical illnesses. Health-related services needed for people with HIV/AIDS. Because HIV/AIDS disproportionately affected stigmatized groups (e.g. gay men, injection drug users) and people of color, two other key principles of providing health care emerged from the AIDS epidemic: the importance of cultural competency of care providers and the importance of privacy.
[64] Advances in Treatment and Prevention of HIV - JAMA Network — Advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to HIV being a manageable and preventable condition and provides the tools that might lead to an end of the HIV pandemic. Despite these advances, in the United States there were approximately 30 000 new infections in 2022, less than 70% of people living with HIV were virologically suppressed, and
[65] Advances in the treatment and prevention of HIV: what you need ... - PubMed — Advances in the treatment and prevention of HIV: what you need to know - PubMed Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation Search: Search Advances in the treatment and prevention of HIV: what you need to know Advances in the treatment and prevention of HIV: what you need to know Novel drugs are constantly being developed to provide better tolerated medications with robust, sustained viral suppression and immune reconstitution; these include long-acting injectables and implants, and preventative treatments for pre-exposure prophylaxis. This article provides an overview of emerging therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Long-Acting HIV Drugs for Treatment and Prevention. Long-acting approaches for delivery of antiretroviral drugs for prevention and treatment of HIV: a review of recent research.
[67] HIV epidemiology, prevention, treatment, and ... - The Lancet — The global HIV response has made tremendous progress but is entering a new phase with additional challenges. Scientific innovations have led to multiple safe, effective, and durable options for treatment and prevention, and long-acting formulations for 2-monthly and 6-monthly dosing are becoming available with even longer dosing intervals possible on the horizon. The scientific agenda for HIV
[76] HIV Treatment Advances: What's New in 2025? - continentalhospitals.com — In this blog, we will explore the latest advancements in HIV treatment, focusing on breakthrough therapies, improved medications, and personalized care options that are shaping the future of HIV care. One of the most exciting advancements in HIV treatment in 2025 is the development of long-acting injectable medications. As HIV treatment continues to evolve, it’s important for patients to work closely with their healthcare providers to ensure they receive the best possible care. HIV treatment in 2025 is more advanced than ever, with exciting new therapies and personalized care options helping people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. However, it remains important for those living with HIV to work closely with their healthcare providers to stay on top of their treatment and ensure the best outcomes.
[77] Future Directions for HIV Treatment Research | NIAID: National ... — Future Directions for HIV Treatment Research | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research Research Funded by NIAID NIAID-Funded Research News For Researchers NIAID-Funded Research News A major goal of NIAID-supported research on HIV treatment today is to develop long-acting therapies that—unlike current antiretrovirals, which require daily dosing—could be taken only once a week, once a month, or even less often. The complexity of developing such products has led NIAID to create a consortium of experts who can facilitate relationships among the many types of researchers needed to translate an idea for a long-acting HIV drug into a workable solution. Scientists at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center (VRC) and NIAID-supported scientists at other institutions are developing and testing multiple antibodies for the treatment of HIV.
[78] PDF — OPEN ACCESS ©NIJRMS ONLINE ISSN: 2992-5460 Publications 2024 PRINT ISSN: 2992-6041 Page | 65 https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJRMS/2024/5.3.6570 Innovations in HIV Prevention and Treatment: The Future of HIV Care Mugisha Emmanuel K. Keywords: HIV Innovations, Prevention Strategies, Long-Acting ART, Integrated Care Models, Digital Health Technologies. Integrated care models that include mental health support and substance use treatment help patients manage the psychological and behavioral aspects of living with HIV, leading to better adherence to treatment and improved outcomes. DIGITAL HEALTH INNOVATIONS Digital health innovations are revolutionizing HIV care by leveraging technology to enhance prevention, treatment, and support services . Digital health innovations are further revolutionizing HIV care by improving access, adherence, and personalized treatment through technology-driven solutions.
[88] PDF — OPEN ACCESS ©NIJRMS ONLINE ISSN: 2992-5460 Publications 2024 PRINT ISSN: 2992-6041 Page | 59 https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJRMS/2024/5.3.5964 Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for HIV Drug Resistance Prediction and Personalized Treatment Kibibi Wairimu H. School of Natural and Applied Sciences Kampala International University Uganda ABSTRACT Harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) for HIV drug resistance prediction and personalized treatment represented a transformative approach in managing HIV/AIDS. INTEGRATING GENOMIC AND CLINICAL DATA Integrating genomic and clinical data for HIV drug resistance prediction and personalized treatment is a transformative approach that enhances the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) . FRAMEWORK FOR PREDICTIVE MODELING The framework for predictive modeling in HIV drug resistance prediction and personalized treatment uses advanced computational techniques, genomic data analysis, and clinical insights to optimize antiretroviral therapy (ART) for individuals .
[89] Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning for HIV ... — In 2019, the US Government announced its goal to end the HIV epidemic within 10 years, mirroring the initiatives set forth by UNAIDS. Public health prevention interventions are a crucial part of this ambitious goal. However, numerous challenges to this goal exist, including improving HIV awareness, increasing early HIV infection detection, ensuring rapid treatment, optimising resource
[137] Integrative Strategies to Address Complex HIV and Mental Health ... — Marginalized communities bear a disproportionate burden of syndemic challenges related to HIV, mental illness and addiction. Stigma is a major barrier to effective responses. CHAMP, an innovative community-based intervention that integrated psychological intervention and collective empowerment strategies to reduce stigma, was found to be effective for such a population.
[138] Breaking down global barriers: A multinational and multi‐community ... — Community leaders play a vital role in this process, as they provide the trust, the established lines of communication, and the reach within marginalized populations of people with HIV, all of which are necessary to lead the global fight against HIV/AIDS . However, community leaders must be supported, appropriately resourced, and actively
[139] Overcoming Communication Barriers: Strategies for Clarity and ... — Psychological barriers, such as fear, denial, and resistance to change, require a more nuanced approach. Here are a few strategies to help reduce these psychological hurdles: Building trust: Establishing a rapport with the audience is vital to breaking down psychological barriers. This can be achieved by providing a safe space where individuals
[140] The Fight for an AIDS-Free World: Confronting the Stigma, Reaching the ... — While gaps remain in fully addressing compounded stigmas facing key populations like sex workers and migrants, Mexico has implemented a multipronged policy approach involving legal reforms, community-tailored services, health system initiatives, and awareness efforts to mitigate stigma as a barrier to HIV services. Countries like Georgia and Russia have implemented targeted national HIV strategies, including legal reforms, public awareness campaigns, the integration of HIV services with other health services and efforts to reduce stigma in healthcare settings while regional cooperation in Central Asia, such as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, focuses on joint initiatives for migrants and mobile populations . The South Africa National Strategic Plan for HIV sets specific aims, including reforming laws that deter marginalized groups from accessing care, promoting public awareness to reduce stigma, and building healthcare worker capacity on stigma and discrimination issues .
[141] Urgent Call for Action: Funding Disparities in HIV Prevention and Care — Inclusive care is essential for effective HIV prevention and treatment. By addressing the specific needs of high-risk populations, healthcare providers can: Improve health outcomes for individuals living with or at risk of HIV. Foster a more equitable healthcare system that recognizes and addresses the unique challenges faced by marginalized
[142] We the People: A Black Strategy to End the HIV Epidemic in the United ... — The finalized “We the People” framework rests on four pillars of action: 1) Dismantle anti-Black practices, systems, and institutions that endanger the health and wellbeing of Black people and undermine an effective, equitable response to HIV in Black America; 2) Provide resources and services that address the fullness, richness, potential, and expertise of Black people, and mitigate social and structural factors that worsen health outcomes in Black communities; 3) Ensure universal access to, and robust utilization of, high-quality, comprehensive, affordable, and culturally and gender-affirming healthcare to enable Black people to live healthy lives in our full dignity; and 4) Build the capacity and motivation of Black communities to be the change agents for ending HIV.
[143] Demographic change and HIV epidemic projections to 2050 for adolescents ... — Conclusions: While adolescents and young people living with HIV are living longer and ageing into adulthood, if current trends continue, the number of new HIV infections is not projected to decline fast enough to end AIDS as a health threat in this age group. Current trends in HIV incidence and intervention coverage must change if an AIDS Free Generation is to be achieved by 2030.While new HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women are projected to decrease at an average annual rate of −2 per cent between 2017 and 2030, the necessary rate of reduction should be −14 per cent for infections to decrease in this population in order to contribute to the global 2030 goal of under 200,000 new HIV infections among all people age 15 and above.
[144] Global Statistics - HIV.gov — Data & Trends U.S. Statistics Global Statistics Search Data & Trends U.S. Statistics Global Statistics Global Statistics Content From: HIV.gov_•Updated: February 7, 2025•_5 min read Topics Global HealthGlobal Health InitiativePEPFARPresident's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Share Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on LinkedIn Share on Email The Global HIV and AIDS Epidemic HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is one of the world’s most serious public health challenges. However, there is a global commitment to stopping new HIV infections and ensuring that everyone with HIV has access to HIV treatment. The latest statistics on HIV around the world from UNAIDSExit Disclaimer include: Number of People with HIV—There were 39.9 million people across the globe living with HIV in 2023. New HIV Infections—An estimated 1.3 million individuals worldwide acquired HIV in 2023 , marking a 39% decline in new HIV infections since 2010 and a 60% decline since the peak in 1995. HIV Treatment Access—As of the end of 2023, 77% of all people living with HIV (30.7 million people) were accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally.
[145] U.S. Statistics - HIV.gov — Approximately 1.2 million people in the U.S.a have HIV. HIV continues to have a disproportionate impact on certain populations, particularly racial and ethnic minorities and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM).b In 2022, an estimated 31,800 people acquired HIV in the U.S. Estimated new HIV infections decreased 12% from 36,300 in 2018 to 31,800 in 2022. According to the latest estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 31,800 people acquired HIV in the United Statesc in 2022. People Living with HIV At year-end 2022, an estimated 1.2 million people in the United States aged 13 and older had HIV in the U.S., the most recent year for which this information is available.
[146] Global, regional, and national burden of HIV/AIDS, 1990-2021, and ... — Our forecasts indicate that continuation of current levels of HIV control are not likely to attain ambitious incidence and mortality reduction targets by 2030, and more than 40 million people globally will continue to require lifelong ART for decades into the future. The global community will need to show sustained and substantive efforts to make the progress needed to reach and sustain the
[156] Preventing HIV | HIV | CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — Preventing HIV | HIV | CDC HIV View All HIV About Testing Prevention Treatment Living with HIV Glossary View All Preventing HIV You can choose not having sex, activities with lower chances of HIV transmission, never sharing needles, and using condoms. You can also use HIV prevention medicines such as PrEP or PEP. If you have HIV, you can prevent transmitting HIV to others. Most people who get HIV get it through anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment (for example, cookers). Keep Reading: Preventing HIV with Condoms PrEP is highly effective for preventing HIV from sex and injection drug use when taken as prescribed. Keep Reading: Preventing HIV with PrEP Keep Reading: Preventing HIV with PEP HIV
[157] Can You Prevent HIV? Facts, Tips, and More - Healthline — The best way to prevent HIV is to understand how the virus is transmitted and take steps to reduce your risk. Unlike PEP for HIV, PrEP can be used as a long-term preventive measure to reduce the risk of infection at any point during use. It can help reduce the risk of HIV infection through sexual contact or injection drug use. It can help reduce the risk of HIV infection through sexual contact. It can help reduce the risk of HIV infection through sexual contact. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), PrEP therapy can decrease your risk of contracting HIV during sex by about 99%. Barrier methods can reduce the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
[158] The Basics of HIV Prevention | NIH - HIVinfo — HIV Source HIV Prevention HIV Testing HIV Prevention -------------- HIV Treatment ------------- HIV and Pregnancy ----------------- CDC | HIV Prevention PrEP involves taking a specific HIV medicine every day or an injectable HIV medicine every two months to reduce the risk of getting HIV through sex or injection drug use. How is HIV transmitted? How is HIV not transmitted? You cannot get HIV from: Get tested for HIV. PrEP involves taking a specific HIV medicine to reduce the risk of getting HIV through sex or injection drug use. For more information, read the HIVinfo fact sheet on Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV. How HIV Spreads Preventing HIV Preventing HIV With PrEP Preventing HIV With PEP HIV Source Clinicalinfo.HIV.gov
[160] Ending AIDS as a public health threat: the imperative for clear ... — To end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, we must leverage both the impactful message of U=U (undetectable equals untransmittable) and viral suppression to improve the wellbeing of individuals living with HIV, increase engagement with HIV services, and reduce barriers such as stigma, discrimination, and criminalisation. This message requires clear and unambiguous evidence-based narratives
[163] Key EHE Strategies - HIV.gov — About HIV & AIDS What Are HIV and AIDS? Who Is at Risk for HIV? HIV and AIDS Timeline HIV Prevention HIV Testing HIV Treatment National HIV/AIDS Strategy National HIV/AIDS Strategy (2022-2025) HIV Care and Treatment Activities National Ryan White Conference on HIV Care & Treatment Improved, more accessible, and routine HIV testing, immediately connecting people with HIV to care services, and connecting those who test negative to appropriate prevention services are important activities supporting this strategy. Increasing investments in geographic areas where the most HIV diagnoses occur through existing programs such as the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program as well as establishing new programs through community health centers to provide outreach, HIV testing, PrEP, and care coordination. HIV.gov
[192] Long-acting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) approaches: recent ... — Poor or inconsistent adherence to daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a key barrier to effective HIV prevention. The advent of potent long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) in conjunction with advances in controlled release
[193] Lenacapavir for HIV PrEP: Narrative Review of Clinical Trials and ... — Lenacapavir for HIV PrEP: Narrative Review of Clinical Trials and Implications for Patient Access | Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases Lenacapavir for HIV PrEP: Narrative Review of Clinical Trials and Implications for Patient Access Lenacapavir for HIV PrEP: Narrative Review of Clinical Trials and Implications for Patient Access Available: https://www.purposestudies.com/: This website was chosen as a key reference as it contains detailed information regarding each of the 5 planned PURPOSE studies that are assessing lenacapavir for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) across a diverse range of participants.The information on this website helps us keep abreast on the recent data and results from the ongoing PURPOSE programs. Available: https://www.gilead.com/news/news-details/2024/full-efficacy-and-safety-results-for-gilead-investigational-twice-yearly-lenacapavir-for-hiv-prevention-presented-at-aids-2024 & Masurkar, P.P. Lenacapavir for HIV PrEP: Narrative Review of Clinical Trials and Implications for Patient Access.
[194] Long-acting injectable lenacapavir continues to show promising results ... — WHO welcomes the latest findings from the PURPOSE-2 trial on long-acting injectable lenacapavir (LEN) for HIV prevention. LEN, an HIV-1 capsid inhibitor delivered by subcutaneous injection twice a year, was shown to be highly effective in preventing HIV among cisgender men, transgender men, transgender women, and gender non-binary individuals who have sex with partners assigned male at birth. Lenacapavir demonstrated a 96% reduction in HIV incidence compared to background HIV incidence (2.37 per 100 person-years) and was 89% more effective than daily oral TDF/FTC in preventing HIV acquisition. These findings build upon the earlier results from the PURPOSE 1 trial, which demonstrated LEN’s efficacy in preventing HIV among cisgender women in sub-Saharan Africa, with zero infections among women receiving the injectable.
[195] PDF — OPEN ACCESS ©NIJRMS ONLINE ISSN: 2992-5460 Publications 2024 PRINT ISSN: 2992-6041 Page | 65 https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJRMS/2024/5.3.6570 Innovations in HIV Prevention and Treatment: The Future of HIV Care Mugisha Emmanuel K. Keywords: HIV Innovations, Prevention Strategies, Long-Acting ART, Integrated Care Models, Digital Health Technologies. Integrated care models that include mental health support and substance use treatment help patients manage the psychological and behavioral aspects of living with HIV, leading to better adherence to treatment and improved outcomes. DIGITAL HEALTH INNOVATIONS Digital health innovations are revolutionizing HIV care by leveraging technology to enhance prevention, treatment, and support services . Digital health innovations are further revolutionizing HIV care by improving access, adherence, and personalized treatment through technology-driven solutions.
[203] HIV Prevention Activities — Across the Federal government, agencies are developing, planning, and implementing these and other HIV prevention programs targeted to populations at risk; disseminating educational resources and messages on HIV risks and prevention; educating health care professionals about evidence-based HIV prevention strategies; conducting research to develop, test, and improve cutting-edge tools and techniques that can prevent HIV in diverse populations around the world; and numerous other activities to achieve the vision of a future free of new HIV infections. IHS is the principal federal health care provider and health advocate for Indian people, and its goal is to raise their health status to the highest possible level.IHS’ National HIV/AIDS Program coordinates and promotes HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment activities specific to AI/AN people as part of a comprehensive public health approach.
[204] Evolution of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs --- United States, 1981--2006 — CDC currently supports a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention activities in the United States, including 1) collection of behavioral and HIV/AIDS case surveillance data that document trends in the epidemic and risk behaviors; 2) programs conducted by state, territorial, and local health departments, community-based and national organizations, and education agencies; 3) capacity building to improve HIV-prevention programs; 4) program evaluation to monitor the delivery and outcomes of prevention services; and 5) research leading to new strategies for preventing transmission of HIV/AIDS.
[206] (PDF) A Community-Centric Approach to HIV Awareness and Prevention ... — Leveraging community assets-such as local knowledge, social networks, and grassroots organizations-these interventions address common barriers like stigma and misinformation while enhancing access
[208] Community-based interventions against HIV-related stigma: a systematic ... — Included studies were randomized controlled trials, mixed methods studies, as well as pre-test and post-test studies that evaluated the effectiveness of a community-based intervention to reduce HIV-related stigma in the general population or among specific groups. Results from the combined p-values provide strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of community-based interventions in reducing HIV-related stigma in at least one of the studies (p < 0.001, _X_2 = 73.1, 18 degrees of freedom). In this study, we synthesized evidence on features of community-based interventions that have been reported as effective in the reduction of HIV-related stigma. Included studies were published randomized controlled trials, quasi experimental studies, and pre-test and post-test studies that evaluated the effectiveness of a community-based intervention to reduce HIV-related stigma in the general population or among specific groups.
[209] FDA Approves New HIV Drug for Adults with Limited Treatment Options — Find Services + PrEP Search Open Locator HIV.gov Search HIV SERVICES LOCATORSearch ⨯Close HomeBlogFDA Approves New HIV Drug for Adults with Limited Treatment Options FDA Approves New HIV Drug for Adults with Limited Treatment Options Content From: FDA News Release•Published: January 04, 2023_•_3 min read Topics FDAFood & Drug AdministrationTreatmentHIV Treatment Share Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on LinkedIn Share on Email Cross-posted from FDA News Release [On December 22, 2022], the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Sunlenca (lenacapavir), a new type of antiretroviral medication for adult patients living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), whose HIV infections cannot be successfully treated with other available treatments due to resistance, intolerance, or safety considerations. After the starting dose is completed, Sunlenca is administered as subcutaneous (under the skin) injections once every six months, allowing convenient dosing for patients. “The availability of new classes of antiretroviral medications may possibly help these patients live longer, healthier lives.” Sunlenca is the first of a new class of drugs called capsid inhibitors to be FDA-approved for treating HIV-1. Sunlenca works by blocking the HIV-1 virus’ protein shell (the capsid), thereby interfering with multiple essential steps of the viral lifecycle. Sunlenca’s starting dose is given as oral tablets and subcutaneous injections, followed by maintenance injections every six months; Sunlenca is given in combination with other antiretroviral(s).
[210] Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV in Adults ... — Because of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), many people with HIV will live a normal or near-normal lifespan. 1 Management of HIV continues to improve, with increasing options for initial therapy, novel approaches for switching therapy, and effective strategies for managing co-infections. In addition, there are new tools for preventing
[211] Current State of HIV and AIDS Treatment - Northwestern Medicine — This reduces the number of times patients are taking HIV medication from 365 days a year to six or 12 days a year,” explains Ryan Kates, a pharmacist who specializes in infectious diseases at Northwestern Medicine. “Currently, the injectable medications for people with HIV are only approved for those who are undetectable, a way of saying that the virus in their system is so low it cannot be detected by a blood test,” explains Kates, who notes that injectable medications can offer relief from “pill fatigue.” “For patients who are undetectable, I would encourage them to talk with their healthcare provider if they are interested in injectable therapy or simplifying their regimen if they are wanting a change from their current medication.
[212] PDF — Modern HIV treatment, called ART, is very safe and effective. The risk of side effects is very low and these are generally mild. So good quality of life also depends on other health issues, and this resource looks at these too. •. Possible side effects of HIV treatment (ART). •. Other health issues, especially linked to getting older.
[216] The Role of Community Health in Combating HIV/AIDS - STD Hub — By fostering an environment of support and education, community health initiatives are instrumental in both preventing new infections and providing care for those living with HIV/AIDS. The role of community health in combating HIV/AIDS extends to prevention efforts as well. In addition to education, community health initiatives often provide support services for those living with HIV/AIDS. By offering a holistic approach to care, community health workers can help improve the quality of life for individuals with HIV/AIDS and reduce the likelihood of transmission to others. Through targeted education and outreach programs, community health workers can raise awareness, promote prevention, and support those affected by HIV/AIDS. The Role of Community Health Workers in HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence In conclusion, the role of community health workers in HIV/AIDS treatment adherence cannot be overstated.
[217] Community-based HIV/AIDS interventions to promote psychosocial well ... — Broadly speaking, these intervention approaches included coping skills (Heckman et al., 2006; Hyde et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2007; Rotheram-Borus et al., 2006; Weiss et al., 2011), treatment and cure (Allen et al., 2009; Munoz et al., 2010; Sacks et al., 2011), cultural activities (Airhihenbuwa et al., 2009; Mueller et al., 2011), community participation such as volunteerism and activism (Apinundecha et al., 2007; Ramirez-Valles, Fergus, Reisen, Poppen, & Zea, 2005), HIV/AIDS knowledge education and risk reduction counseling (Operario et al., 2010), voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) (Maman et al., 2009), peer-group support intervention (Kumakech et al., 2009), three-layered service (Kaleeba et al., 1997), child-directed group intervention (Clacherty & Donald, 2006), the introduction of home-based care (HBC) professionals (Waterman et al., 2007), and adult mentoring and support group (Horizons, 2006, 2007; Lavin et al., 2010; MEASURE, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d, 2009e; Thurman et al., 2006).