• Regional geology is treated as the backbone of geographic inquiry, uniting uplift, tectonics, stratigraphy, and landscape evolution through detailed field mapping and regional syntheses [1], [3], [7], [19].

• Biogeography and spatial distribution are studied across land and sea, linking taxonomy, habitat occupancy, and ecological history to geography via distributional patterns [2], [4], [6], [13], [14].

• Climate history and tectonics are invoked to explain landscape genesis, with emphasis on earth contraction, mountain origin, and deep-time earth-system processes shaping geography [1], [18].

• Coastal and marine geography emerges as a testbed for environmental processes, urban-coastal interactions, and marine ecosystem distribution across islands and coasts [6], [8], [11], [17].

• Historical geography and geoarchaeology integrate geology with archaeology and institutional studies to trace regional development and scientific networks [5], [9], [10], [12].