Firmware security is a critical area of research and practice within computer security focused on protecting the low-level software embedded directly into hardware devices. It investigates the vulnerabilities, threats, and defensive measures related to this foundational layer of computing, aiming to ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of device functionality against unauthorized access or malicious compromise. This field is significant because firmware often operates below higher-level operating systems and applications, making it a prime target for persistent and stealthy attacks that can undermine the entire system's security posture.