Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Types of Concussion
A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that temporarily impairs normal brain function. It is characterized by immediate and transient changes in mental status or consciousness due to mechanical force or _trauma[2.1]. Concussions can result from a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or from impacts to other body parts that cause rapid head movement[7.1]. Medically, concussions are often termed mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) to distinguish them from more severe brain injuries[4.1]. The injury mechanism involves the brain being jostled within the skull, leading to microscopic changes that affect brain function[25.1]. Although typically temporary, concussion effects can include headaches, concentration difficulties, memory issues, balance problems, and mood changes[19.1]. While concussions are classified as mild, repeated occurrences can lead to significant long-term effects, including structural changes in the brain and an increased risk of serious health conditions[6.1].History
Historical Perspectives on Concussion Research
The intellectual history of concussion research spans from the mid-19th century to the early 21st century, highlighting the evolution of understanding regarding head injuries and their effects. Initially, the acute and chronic consequences of head injuries were acknowledged, with significant contributions made by early researchers who documented the impacts of both single and repeated concussive events. Notably, Harrison Martland's seminal report in 1928 marked a pivotal moment in the recognition of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) as a consequence of repeated head trauma, placing his findings within a broader historical context of concussion research.[39.1] Over the past two decades, the field of sports concussion has undergone rapid evolution, with neurology emerging as a leading discipline in its management. This shift has led to the establishment of sports neurology as a subspecialty, accompanied by the creation of fellowship training programs dedicated to this area.[40.1] The early 21st century has seen sports concussion recognized as a significant public health issue, often referred to as "The Concussion Crisis," particularly in relation to football, which contributes substantially to the epidemiological burden of concussions.[41.1] The last 20 years have also witnessed a dramatic increase in research funding, media coverage, and public awareness surrounding sports-related concussions. This heightened focus has transformed the perception of concussions from being viewed as minor injuries to a serious recognition of their potential long-term effects on brain health.[52.1] Historical events, such as the 2009 Congressional hearings involving the National Football League (NFL), have prompted sports organizations to reevaluate their responsibilities in protecting athletes at all levels.[51.1] The implementation of standardized concussion protocols began in 1997, marking a significant step towards uniformity in concussion assessment and management across sports.[53.1] Furthermore, the impact of high-profile cases, such as that of Zack Lystedt, who suffered a severe head injury in 2006, led to the enactment of the Lystedt Law, which was the first federal legislation specifically addressing concussion risk reduction and education.[67.1] Recent research has increasingly focused on the cognitive and neuropathological consequences of repetitive head impacts, underscoring the public health implications of these injuries, particularly in contact sports.[68.1] As the understanding of concussion continues to evolve, it remains one of the most challenging topics in sports medicine, necessitating ongoing research and policy development to ensure athlete safety.[52.1]Key Milestones in Understanding Concussion
Key milestones in the understanding of concussion have evolved significantly over the years, reflecting advancements in medical research and technology. The first standardized concussion assessment was published in 1997, marking a pivotal moment in the recognition and management of sport-related concussions.[61.1] This assessment was designed for use on the sidelines, providing a structured approach to evaluating athletes immediately after a potential concussion. In recent years, the development of concussion protocols has emphasized the importance of immediate assessment and removal from play to prevent further injury.[43.1] These protocols are grounded in the principle of physical and cognitive rest, which was articulated by the International Concussion in Sport Group. They advocate for rest until acute symptoms resolve, followed by a graded program of exertion prior to medical clearance for return to play.[44.1] This approach is supported by stronger evidence indicating the recovery benefits of light-intensity aerobic exercise within the first 48 hours following a concussion.[45.1] Technological advancements have also played a crucial role in enhancing concussion management. The integration of telemedicine platforms and remote monitoring systems has improved access to healthcare services and facilitated continuity of care for individuals with concussions, particularly in remote or underserved areas.[46.1] Furthermore, the evolution of neuroimaging techniques, such as CT and MRI, has been instrumental in excluding more severe intracranial injuries, although their role in diagnosing concussions remains limited.[64.1] New imaging techniques are being developed to better detect concussions and understand their implications.[64.1] The incorporation of machine learning and artificial intelligence is poised to further transform concussion management by analyzing data to predict outcomes and personalize treatment plans.[60.1] Collectively, these milestones reflect a broader cultural shift in athletics towards improved recognition and care of sport-related concussions, underscoring the ongoing commitment to athlete health and safety.Symptoms And Diagnosis
Common Symptoms of Concussion
Concussion symptoms can vary widely among individuals and may not be immediately evident. Some symptoms manifest right away, while others develop over hours or days.[81.1] Physical symptoms, often the most noticeable, include headache, dizziness, confusion, and difficulty concentrating.[83.1] These symptoms are typically most severe immediately after the injury and can significantly impact daily activities.[83.1] Generally, symptoms improve over time, with most individuals recovering within a couple of weeks.[80.1] Concussions are classified into three grades: mild, moderate, and severe, which help in identifying symptoms and determining the appropriate response.[84.1] A mild concussion may involve brief amnesia and irritability, while a moderate concussion often requires several days of rest before resuming normal activities.[85.1] Severe concussions, characterized by a loss of consciousness lasting from seconds to minutes, demand immediate attention.[86.1] Common physical symptoms include dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, sensitivity to light and noise, imbalance, and blurry vision.[91.1] Cognitive symptoms, such as difficulty concentrating and memory problems, may emerge slowly after the injury.[92.1] In addition to physical symptoms, cognitive and emotional signs are critical to recognize. Cognitive symptoms can include impaired memory and attention, while emotional symptoms may manifest as irritability or anxiety.[88.1] These signs can be subtle and may develop gradually, making them easy to overlook during initial assessments.[92.1] Monitoring these symptoms, especially in the 48 hours following a head injury, is essential as they can worsen over time.[96.1] Concussions, often resulting from impacts like falls or sports collisions, require prompt recognition of symptoms for proper care. Common signs include nausea, confusion, clumsiness, slurred speech, and headaches.[97.1] If an individual experiences clear fluid or blood discharge from the nose or ears after an injury, emergency medical attention is necessary. Other concerning symptoms include seizures, unusual behavior, numbness, and unexplained general body weakness.[95.1] Understanding the full range of concussion symptoms is crucial for timely intervention and preventing complications.Diagnostic Tools and Methods
To diagnose a concussion, healthcare professionals evaluate the patient's symptoms and review their medical history.[76.1] A concussion is classified as a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs after a blow or jolt to the head.[76.1] Symptoms of a concussion can begin immediately following the injury, but they may also develop over the course of several hours or even days.[76.1] This thorough assessment is crucial for ensuring timely treatment and managing the condition effectively.[76.1] Cognitive testing plays a crucial role in the diagnostic process, as it evaluates neurocognitive functions such as short-term memory, concentration, and reasoning, which are often affected by concussions.[93.1] Commonly employed assessments include the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Standard Assessment of Concussion (SAC), Standard Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3), and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT).[94.1] These tools help healthcare providers diagnose concussions more effectively and facilitate early management planning.[77.1] In addition to cognitive assessments, computer-based neurocognitive evaluations have gained popularity for detecting concussion onset and monitoring recovery.[105.1] These assessments are particularly valuable as they can identify long-term cognitive effects that may persist beyond typical recovery periods.[105.1] Furthermore, research indicates that individuals with a history of multiple concussions may experience prolonged recovery times and more severe symptoms, underscoring the importance of considering a patient's concussion history during diagnosis.[107.1]Treatment And Rehabilitation
Traditional Treatment Approaches
Traditional treatment approaches for concussion often overlook critical aspects of recovery, leading to persistent symptoms. A significant oversight is the management of vestibular issues, such as vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance, which frequently remain untreated, causing ongoing challenges with spatial orientation and balance. Patients may experience dizziness upon waking or have conditions like sinus infections that exacerbate these problems.[146.1] Vision problems are another common yet frequently neglected component of post-concussion syndrome (PCS). Many individuals report blurred and disoriented vision, underscoring the need for vision therapy and neuro-optometric rehabilitation as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.[147.1] Concussions can also lead to secondary damage, including inflammation and cell death, which are crucial factors in long-term recovery. Addressing these underlying issues often requires specialized treatment modalities not typically included in standard concussion management protocols.[148.1] The persistence of symptoms beyond the expected recovery period highlights the necessity for a comprehensive long-term treatment plan. For those with chronic post-concussion symptoms, timely and tailored approaches are essential, as effective interventions are often sought but not readily available.[149.1]Emerging Rehabilitation Strategies
Emerging rehabilitation strategies for concussion focus on a multifaceted approach that integrates physical and cognitive therapies to enhance recovery outcomes. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of concussion are critical for preventing poor outcomes and minimizing healthcare burdens, yet current clinical guidelines primarily emphasize diagnosis and return to activity, offering limited guidance on specific therapeutic interventions.[118.1] Recent evidence suggests that multifaceted physiotherapy techniques can benefit individuals experiencing ongoing symptoms following a concussion.[119.1] The cornerstone of concussion management, as established by the International Concussion in Sport Group, emphasizes the importance of physical and cognitive rest until acute symptoms resolve, followed by a graded program of exertion prior to medical clearance and return to play.[120.1] This approach is grounded in the understanding that during the acute post-injury period, increased metabolic demand and limited energy reserves necessitate rest to prevent further neuronal injury.[120.1] Recognizing the signs of a concussion and responding promptly is essential for effective recovery. A structured recovery process that includes rest, rehabilitation, and a gradual reintroduction of activities is vital.[121.1] Concussion therapy exercises play a crucial role in brain rehabilitation, combining rest with targeted exercises to support recovery and improve symptoms over time. This comprehensive approach addresses physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects of recovery, ultimately enhancing overall functioning and quality of life for individuals with concussions.[122.1] Cognitive rehabilitation exercises are particularly important, as they engage the brain in activities designed to enhance memory, attention, and problem-solving skills, which are often compromised after a concussion. These exercises are rooted in evidence-based practices that promote neural plasticity and cognitive recovery.[123.1] Cognitive remediation, which incorporates psychotherapy, further supports individuals as they navigate the emotional challenges associated with brain injuries.[124.1] The goals of cognitive exercises include restoring lost functions, compensating for persistent deficits, and enhancing overall cognitive performance.[125.1] While a gold standard for identifying concussion recovery remains elusive, it is commonly defined by achieving or exceeding baseline values on balance, cognitive assessments, and self-reported symptom resolution.[127.1] The balance between physical and cognitive rest is critical; research indicates that limiting rest to several days followed by a gradual return to activities of daily living may be more effective than prolonged rest.[131.1] Additionally, implementing aerobic exercise after an initial rest period can help reduce symptoms and improve outcomes.[131.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Current Research Trends
Recent advancements in concussion research have highlighted significant trends and innovations aimed at improving understanding, diagnosis, and management of concussions. Over the past decade, increased awareness and educational initiatives have been pivotal in advancing concussion research, particularly in sports such as equestrian and cheerleading. Notably, organizations like HEADCHECK have developed concussion management software that enhances tracking of symptoms and recovery progress, facilitating better communication among healthcare providers, athletes, and coaching teams.[157.1] Telemedicine platforms and remote monitoring systems have also emerged as crucial tools in concussion care, improving access to healthcare services and ensuring continuity of care, especially for individuals in remote or underserved areas.[158.1] These innovations have transformed clinical practices, making concussion care more personalized and evidence-based. Recent studies have introduced over 25 new and updated recommendations for post-concussion care, emphasizing the importance of mental health evaluations and tailored strategies for returning patients to their daily activities.[159.1] Furthermore, research has shown that even mild concussions can have long-lasting effects on brain function and behavior, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring and support for concussed individuals.[179.1] The link between repeated concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has gained attention, particularly in professional sports, prompting organizations like the NFL to take head injuries more seriously.[180.1] Recent findings indicate that experiencing multiple concussions can lead to significant cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia later in life.[183.1] This growing body of evidence emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive long-term studies to better understand the implications of head injuries on cognitive health.[182.1]Innovations in Concussion Management
Recent innovations in concussion management have significantly transformed the approach to diagnosis and treatment, particularly through the integration of telemedicine and advanced neuroimaging techniques. Telemedicine has emerged as a vital tool for concussion care, especially in remote or underserved areas. A study indicated that 80% of athletes utilized remote access for concussion management, achieving a high satisfaction rating of 4.75 out of 5, highlighting the effectiveness of this method in providing timely care and improving accessibility.[162.1] Furthermore, recommendations for telemedicine in concussion management emphasize the necessity of initial in-person assessments to confirm diagnoses, followed by regular medical follow-ups, thereby ensuring comprehensive care.[164.1] The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telemedicine in concussion clinics across Canada, which had previously seen limited use of such technologies. This shift underscores the potential for telemedicine to optimize concussion care in the future.[165.1] Additionally, ongoing education and training for primary care providers in remote areas are crucial for enhancing their capabilities in concussion management and telemedicine technology.[163.1] Recent advancements in neuroimaging techniques have significantly improved the evaluation of concussions, particularly in identifying structural and functional changes that may not be apparent through conventional imaging methods. Advanced modalities such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are capable of detecting diffuse axonal injury and microstructural abnormalities, while functional MRI (fMRI) can reveal alterations in brain activation patterns following a concussion.[167.1] These imaging techniques hold promise in managing sports-related concussions, as they demonstrate that substantial abnormalities in cerebral physiology can occur even in a brain that appears anatomically normal.[166.1] Moreover, quantitative neuroimaging methods are beginning to evaluate the brain as an integrated structural and functional network, which may be critical for understanding the dysfunction of brain connectivity associated with various neurological disorders.[169.1] The integration of wearable technology, such as impact sensors embedded in mouthguards and headbands, further complements these advancements by providing real-time data on impacts sustained during sports activities. This technology aids in the early detection of concussions and tracks cumulative impacts over an athlete's career.[172.1] Despite these advancements, challenges remain in standardizing practices, ensuring sensor accuracy, and addressing privacy concerns.[170.1] Nevertheless, the combination of telemedicine, advanced neuroimaging, and wearable technology represents a significant leap forward in the management of concussions, offering new avenues for improving athlete safety and care.Impact On Athletes
Concussion in Sports
Sports-related concussions represent a significant health concern, affecting an estimated 4 million athletes in the United States annually.[210.1] The Center for Disease Control estimates that 5-10% of athletes will experience a concussion during any given sports season, with many injuries going unreported and undiagnosed, leading to mismanagement and premature return to activity.[199.1] This mismanagement can result in prolonged symptoms and long-term consequences, including cognitive impairments such as difficulties with memory, attention, concentration, and processing speed, which can persist long after the initial injury.[209.1] The psychological impact of concussions is profound, affecting not only the individual athlete but also their loved ones. Changes in behavior, personality, and mood are common, and these emotional effects can include depression, anxiety, aggression, and even suicidality.[214.1] Research indicates that the high school athlete faces a greater risk of concussions compared to college athletes, with females in high school sports exhibiting a higher incidence rate than their male counterparts.[212.1] Concussions can have significant short- and long-term impacts on athletes, with symptoms that may last from a few days to several months.[204.1] These symptoms can interfere with an athlete's school, work, and social life, making it essential for athletes to avoid returning to sports while still experiencing symptoms.[204.1] Engaging in sports during this time increases the risk of prolonging symptoms and sustaining additional, more serious brain injuries.[204.1] To effectively identify and manage concussions, it is important to recognize the signs and symptoms associated with them. A concussion symptom checklist can be utilized, where symptoms are listed on the left side of the page with dates across the top.[203.1] Athletes should check off all experienced symptoms daily, and this checklist can be provided to sports medicine professionals to track an athlete's recovery and progress.[203.1] The long-term effects of repeated concussions are also a growing concern, with research linking them to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative disease with Alzheimer-like symptoms.[200.1] As awareness of these issues increases, the importance of comprehensive support systems for athletes, including mental health professionals, has become evident. Such systems can help athletes navigate the emotional and psychological challenges that arise following a concussion.[214.1]In this section:
Public Awareness And Education
Awareness Campaigns and Initiatives
In recent years, various awareness campaigns and initiatives have emerged to enhance public understanding of concussions and their implications. The CDC's HEADS UP education campaign has been pivotal in this regard, focusing on increasing awareness among children to mitigate adverse outcomes associated with concussions. This initiative has evolved to include a comprehensive evaluation process aimed at transitioning from mere awareness to promoting behavioral change and a culture of safety and prevention regarding concussions.[279.1] The NFL has also played a significant role in raising public awareness about concussions, emphasizing the necessity of ongoing education for parents, players, and coaches.[243.1] This focus on education is crucial, as studies indicate that many coaches, particularly at the club level, may lack awareness of concussion management requirements, highlighting a gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed.[245.1] Community partnerships have proven effective in amplifying the reach of these campaigns. For instance, organizations like Concussion Awareness Now are actively engaging communities by encouraging local events and discussions to "Start the Concussion Conversation".[281.1] In Brookline, Massachusetts, a three-pronged approach to concussion education has been implemented, which includes a marketing campaign called "Heads Up Brookline" and free baseline concussion screenings for student athletes.[282.1] Furthermore, the rise in public awareness has placed pressure on schools to ensure that they are adequately addressing concussion education and management.[244.1] This has led to an increase in educational materials and resources aimed at youth athletes, although concerns have been raised about the effectiveness of some of these materials, which may not resonate culturally with all audiences.[246.1]Legal And Ethical Considerations
Liability and Concussion in Sports
Liability in sports concerning concussions has become a critical issue as awareness of the risks associated with these injuries has increased. Coaches, athletic trainers, and sports organizations bear a legal responsibility to ensure the safety of athletes and adhere to established protocols for managing concussions.[283.1] This responsibility is underscored by the enactment of concussion legislation across all 50 states in the United States, which aims to prevent mild traumatic brain injuries, particularly in youth athletics.[284.1] The legal landscape surrounding concussions has evolved significantly, with a growing emphasis on athlete protection. Sports organizations and educational institutions are required to provide proper training, equipment, and medical support to prevent and manage concussions effectively.[285.1] The introduction of laws such as the Zackery Lystedt Law in Washington, which was the first of its kind in the nation, has heightened awareness of concussion symptoms and established clear guidelines for return-to-play protocols.[293.1] Legal precedents have further shaped the responsibilities of coaches and organizations. For instance, a federal appeals court ruled that coaches and school personnel could be held liable if they allow student-athletes to return to play after a suspected concussion, thereby exposing them to further harm.[295.1] Additionally, state concussion laws typically mandate that coaches must be trained to identify concussion symptoms and must remove any athlete suspected of having a concussion from play until they receive medical clearance.[296.1] The standard of care for managing sport-related concussions has become a contentious topic, particularly as individual lawsuits related to concussion injuries are on the rise. Larger organizations, including the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and various youth sports leagues, have also become targets for litigation, highlighting the need for comprehensive understanding and adherence to concussion management laws.[294.1] State concussion laws began to emerge in many states during 2010-2011, and while the specifics of these laws can differ significantly, they generally include three critical components: the immediate removal of an athlete from play if a concussion is suspected, a referral to a qualified medical professional trained in concussion management, and the requirement for written medical authorization before the athlete can return to play.[311.1] Currently, all 50 states have enacted some form of legislation addressing sport-related concussions, and it is essential for physical education teachers and other school personnel to familiarize themselves with both state and local concussion policies, as well as their own school policies.[312.1] This information is typically accessible through each state’s official government website. Additionally, educators should be aware of which healthcare professionals are legally permitted to provide medical clearance in their respective states, as concussion-education requirements for various stakeholders, including students, parents, coaches, and referees, can vary widely from state to state.[312.1] It is crucial for physical educators to understand and adhere to their state and school policies regarding concussion education, as these laws impact both public and private schools.[312.1]Ethical Implications of Concussion Management
Evaluating and managing sports-related concussions raises a variety of distinctive ethical and legal issues for physicians, particularly concerning return-to-play decisions.[287.1] Physicians must consider a framework that includes professionalism, informed decision-making, patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, conflicts of interest, and distributive justice as they evaluate and manage concussed athletes.[288.1] This framework is crucial for guiding physicians in their ethical considerations during the management of concussed athletes. One significant ethical concern is the pressure to allow athletes to return to play on the same day of injury, which can lead to serious health risks, including re-injury or long-term damage.[286.1] The decision-making process for return-to-play should involve all stakeholders, taking into account the athlete's individual rehabilitation progress, psychological readiness, and any postsurgical timelines.[290.1] As noted by past AOSSM President Mark Miller, reassurance to the player can only be provided when the physician is confident in the athlete's readiness.[290.1] Moreover, the ethical implications of concussion management protocols raise concerns about conflicts of interest and coercion, particularly when the desire for team success may overshadow the health of the athlete.[286.1] The delicate balance of navigating the athlete's desires, good medical practice, and external pressures necessitates systematic and integrative thinking.[291.1] To ensure the safety of athletes, coaches are encouraged to promote open communication about concussion symptoms and to enforce the rules of the game to minimize aggressive or illegal play that can lead to concussions.[299.1] Additionally, training programs such as the CDC's HEADS UP initiative provide essential information for coaches to recognize signs and symptoms of concussions and to respond appropriately.[300.1]References
[2] Concussion - AANS - American Association of Neurological Surgeons — Overview. A concussion is an injury to the brain that results in temporary loss of normal brain function. Medically, it is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status or level of consciousness, that results from mechanical force or trauma.
[4] Concussion > Fact Sheets - Yale Medicine — A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results in temporary impairment of mental function. Concussions are sometimes referred to as mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) to distinguish them from more serious types of brain injuries. Concussions occur when a sudden movement causes the brain to bounce against or around the skull.
[6] Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments - Cleveland Clinic — Concussion Concussion What is a concussion? But experiencing multiple concussions over a lifetime can change your brain’s structure or how it works, which can lead to severe complications and increase your risk of developing serious health conditions. What are concussion symptoms? Physical concussion symptoms are usually the most obvious and can include: What does a concussion feel like? It’s important to visit a provider if you hit your head, experience an injury or think you have any concussion symptoms. What should you not do after a concussion? Go to the emergency room if you experience a head injury and have any concussion symptoms, even if they don’t start for hours or days.
[7] Concussion Basics | HEADS UP | CDC - Centers for Disease Control and ... — A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury. Concussions are brain injuries. A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury—or TBI—caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth.
[19] Concussion Emergency: Shocking Signs You NEED Medical Attention Now — Concussion symptoms can include headaches, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, balance issues, mood changes, and disrupted sleep. Concussions typically result from a blow to the head or body that can alter brain function.
[25] Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions — How Do Concussions Happen?. The brain is a soft organ cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid within the hard casing of the skull. A concussion typically occurs when a sudden force causes rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head, which can be the result of a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with an "impulsive" force transmitted to the head.
[39] Concussion: A History of Science and Medicine, 1870-2005 — Concussion: A History of Science and Medicine, 1870-2005 - PubMed Concussion: A History of Science and Medicine, 1870-2005 Concussion: A History of Science and Medicine, 1870-2005 Thus, while it has long been acknowledged that chronic traumatic encephalopathy was first described by Harrison Martland in 1928, an examination of the history of concussion research up to Martland's seminal report places his studies in a deeper historical context. The author has found numerous primary sources from the history of medicine and science that describe the acute and chronic effects of single and repeated sub-concussive and concussive blows to the head. Keywords: brain injury; chronic traumatic encephalopathy; concussion history; head injury; history of neurology; neurodegenerative disease. Brain Concussion / history*
[40] The Evolution of Sports Concussion as a Subspecialty in Neurology - LWW — The field of sports concussion has evolved rapidly, enduring many changes in the last 20 years, with neurology rising to the forefront in its management. A new subspecialty—sports neurology—has emerged—and it has spawned the establishment of sports neurology fellowship training programs across the country. "Sports concussion historically had been treated by many different disciplines
[41] The First Concussion Crisis: Head Injury and Evidence in Early American ... — In the early 21st century, sports concussion has become a prominent public health problem, popularly labeled "The Concussion Crisis." Football-related concussion contributes much of the epidemiological burden and inspires much of the public
[43] How athletes can prevent head injuries and concussions in sports — Implementing concussion protocols for immediate assessment and removal from play can prevent further injury. Following appropriate return-to-play guidelines ensures that athletes fully recover before resuming sports activities.
[44] Current and emerging rehabilitation for concussion: A review of the ... — The concept of physical and cognitive rest as the cornerstone of concussion management was developed and by the International Concussion in Sport Group, and currently states “The cornerstone of concussion management is physical and cognitive rest until the acute symptoms resolve and then a graded program of exertion prior to medical clearance and return to play(3).” The rationale for rest asserts that during the acute (1-7 days- possibly longer in youth) post-injury period of increased metabolic demand and limited adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reserves, non-essential activity draws oxygen and glycogen away from injured neurons. In the single human study evaluating exercise shortly after concussion, 95 concussed student-athletes retrospectively self-reported physical and cognitive activity in the 30 days following injury and compared the findings to a neurocognitive assessment.
[45] International panel of experts revises recommendations for diagnosis ... — Media Center 6/14/2023 6:30 ... New and updated age-appropriate tools to aid identification and management of concussion. New versions of strategies for return to active education and sport. Stronger evidence for the recovery benefits of light intensity aerobic exercise within the first 48 hours following concussion. New targeted approach to
[46] The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations ... - Psychreg — The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations, and Hope | Psychreg Home Health & Fitness The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations, and Hope The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations, and Hope Integrating telemedicine platforms and remote monitoring systems for concussion evaluations, follow-up care, and rehabilitation support has improved access to healthcare services, enhanced communication between patients and providers, and facilitated continuity of care for individuals with concussions, especially in remote or underserved areas. These concussion innovations over the past three decades have significantly advanced our understanding of concussions, transformed clinical practices, and paved the way for a future where concussion care is more personalised, evidence-based, and patient-centered.
[51] The Impact of the Concussion Crisis on Safeguarding in Sport — How Awareness of Concussion Has Made Sport Safer. Concerns about brain injuries in sport stimulated political inquiries which have subsequently forced sports organizations to reconsider their duties to protect participants at all playing levels. Most notably, in a 2009 Congressional hearing the National Football League (NFL) were accused of
[52] Concussion research: Moving beyond the natural history - PMC — The topic of sports-related concussion has been, and will likely continue to be, one of the most challenging topics in sports medicine. The last 2 decades of research has fundamentally altered clinician's and the public's view of concussions from a relatively minor "ding" to be shaken off with rapid return to play to the current realization that concussions are brain injuries with
[53] Sport-Related Concussion: Evaluation, Treatment, and Future Directions — Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a highly prevalent injury predominantly affecting millions of youth through high school athletes every year. ... Efforts to adopt a uniform protocol began in 1997 with the standard assessment of concussion (SAC) , which measures orientation, ... Concussion History. A prior concussion appears to increase the
[60] The Role of Technology in Diagnosing and Managing Concussions — Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) are poised to play significant roles in analyzing data from various sources to predict outcomes and personalize treatment plans. Conclusion. The integration of technology into concussion diagnosis and management has opened up new possibilities for improving patient outcomes.
[61] Concussion Care and Management: The Evolution of Technology — The evolution of technology in concussion management reflects a broader culture shift in athletics toward better recognition and care of sport-related concussions. ... The first standardized concussion assessment was published in Neurology in 1997 and used as a sideline assessment for athletes. (1)
[64] Diagnosis of concussion: the role of imaging now and in the future — The primary role of neuroimaging in the clinical context of sports-related concussion is the exclusion of a more severe, unsuspected intracranial injury. ... Magnetic resonance imaging is more commonly used as a secondary test for the investigation of persistent symptoms. New imaging techniques are currently being developed to detect the
[67] History of Concussion - Concussion Alliance — About Concussions About Concussions Folder: About Concussions It was the first federal law to specifically address concussion risk reduction, research, and treatment—and when it was amended in 2000, it also authorized the implementation of a national traumatic brain injury education and awareness campaign. Perhaps the most significant concussion law in recent history was the Lystedt Law. In 2006, high school football player Zack Lystedt sustained a head injury during a game. As concussion patients look for resources to both educate themselves on the condition and create personalized treatment plans with the help of physicians, it is essential that they have access to reputable, peer-reviewed sources to fill in the void currently held by unchecked content creators. About Concussions
[68] Consequences of Repetitive Head Impacts and Multiple Concussions — In recent years there has been an increase in research on the cognitive and neuropathological consequences of repetitive head impacts and multiple concussions in athletes. Given the frequency of head impacts in contact sports, the public health implications of these consequences may be significant. This chapter addresses those elements of the committee's statement of task that concern the
[76] Concussion - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic — Concussion - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic To diagnose a concussion, your healthcare professional evaluates your symptoms and reviews your medical history. Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your concussion-related health concerns Start Here Concussion care at Mayo Clinic If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. Before your appointment, don't do activities that increase your symptoms and risk another head injury. Concussion care at Mayo Clinic Selected issues in sport-related concussion (SRC/mild traumatic brain injury) for the team physician: A consensus statement. Consensus statement: An evidence-based review of exercise, rehabilitation, rest and return to activity protocols for the treatment of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury.
[77] Concussion Test: Assessment Types & How to Interpret Results — Concussion testing checks your cognition — your brain's ability to think and process information — after a head injury. Concussion testing is a useful tool for helping your healthcare provider diagnose a concussion. Early diagnosis allows for earlier planning and management of a concussion.
[80] Symptoms of Mild TBI and Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury ... — Symptoms. Some mild TBI and concussion symptoms may appear right away, while others may not appear for hours or days after the injury. Symptoms generally improve over time, and most people with a mild TBI or concussion feel better within a couple of weeks. Symptoms of mild TBI and concussion may affect how you feel, think, act or sleep
[81] Signs and Symptoms of Concussion | HEADS UP | CDC — Concussion symptoms: 1 2. Are different for each person. May change during recovery. Are most severe right after the injury (usually 1 to 2 days after the injury) Differ depending on the age of your child. Keep in mind that concussion signs and symptoms may not show up right away—they may take hours or days to appear or be noticed.
[83] Diagnosing Concussion Using Cognitive Assessments — The physical symptoms of a concussion are often the most noticeable. These symptoms can happen immediately following the injury or develop hours to days afterward. Overall, the physical symptoms of a concussion can be debilitating, leaving patients unable to manage day-to-day tasks without significant difficulty. Common physical signs of a
[84] Understanding the Level of Concussion: Symptoms, Severity, and Recover — Levels of Concussion Severity. Concussions are categorized into three grades: mild, moderate, and severe. Understanding these levels helps in recognizing the symptoms and determining the appropriate response. Each level involves different symptoms and risks, which can greatly affect a concussion patient's recovery and long-term health.
[85] Signs and Symptoms of the 3 Different Grades of Concussion - Carrus Health — Additional symptoms include brief amnesia, ringing in the ears, and irritability. A grade 2 concussion requires many days of rest before returning to normal activities. Symptoms of a Grade 3 Concussion - High-Grade, Severe. A severe concussion is where you lose consciousness for more than five minutes.
[86] 3 Different Types of Concussions You Need to Know About — The most severe form of concussion is grade 3, which involves a loss of consciousness. In grade 3 concussions, the person may experience a brief loss of consciousness either immediately after the injury or shortly afterward. Loss of consciousness can range from a few seconds to several minutes. Other symptoms associated with severe concussions
[88] PDF — Clinical Presentations Symptoms during the acute stage of a concussion typically result in changes in one or more of the following four clinical domains: physical (e.g. headache, dizziness, nausea, balance issues) cognitive (e.g. impaired memory, attention, reaction time) behavioral (irritability, depression, anxiety)
[91] Know the signs of a concussion - Providence — Physical symptoms. Physical symptoms of a concussion include dizziness, feeling lightheaded, nausea, sensitivity to light and noise, imbalance or blurry vision. ... Cognitive symptoms. Cognitive symptoms of a concussion include having difficulty concentrating or having memory problems, feeling much slower mentally than you did before the
[92] Cognitive and Emotional Signs of a Concussion — Cognitive and emotional signs of a concussion. Physical and sleep-related symptoms of a concussion are easier to recognize. These include headaches, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, or oversleeping. Cognitive and emotional signs can be subtle, especially when they emerge slowly after the initial injury. Cognitive signs. The cognitive effects of
[93] How Cognitive Assessments Support Baseline Concussion Tests for Athletes — Cognitive Testing. Cognitive tests can assess neurocognitive functions that are known to be affected by concussions, such as short term memory, concentration, and reasoning. This is an important part of concussion testing, as cognitive symptoms can have an effect for a prolonged period of time, even longer than other symptoms (Stafford et al
[94] Review of Assessment Scales for Diagnosing and Monitoring Sports ... — The most commonly used assessments for evaluating individuals with concussions are the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Standard Assessment of Concussion (SAC), Standard Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3), and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) . This article will discuss the strengths and limitations
[95] Urgent Care vs ER: Concussions - Emergency Room — If after the injury one begins to discharge clear fluid or blood from their nose or ears, then this should be taken quite seriously and they should be taken to an emergency room as soon as possible. Other symptoms to keep an eye out for include seizures, unusual behavior, numbness, general body weakness which is unexplained, slurred speech and
[96] Should You Go to the Emergency Room After a Mild Head Injury? — Also, concussion symptoms that may be hardly noticeable at first can worsen over time. For these reasons, it is important to monitor your condition, particularly in the 48 hours immediately following a head injury. Other symptoms to watch for during this period of monitoring include: Discharge of clear fluid or blood from the nose or ears
[97] Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment - WebMD — Concussions: Symptoms and Treatment What Is a Concussion? Concussion Symptoms What Is a Concussion? A concussion is a brain injury often caused by a blow such as a fall or collision in sports. Concussion Symptoms Symptoms of concussions in children include: By following concussion protocol -- the set of rules and guidelines for caring for those with brain injuries -- your doctor may suggest small increases in activity and a gradual return to your normal activities. A concussion is the least serious type of injury to the brain. Some signs of a concussion include nausea, feeling confused, clumsiness, slurred speech, and headache. CDC: “Heads Up: Concussion in Youth Sports,” “What Is Traumatic Brain Injury?” Next In Concussion Concussion
[105] Prolonged concussion effects: Constellations of cognitive deficits ... — Computer-based neurocognitive assessments have become common to detect concussion onset and to determine concussion recovery. 5 While typical cognitive recovery tends to be of short duration, long term effects of prior concussions have been reported well beyond typical recovery windows. 6,7 In the present work, we use a standard machine learning technique to identify the presence of concussion
[107] The cognitive effects and decrements following concussion — Several researchers suggest a prior history of concussion is associated with a prolonged recovery following subsequent concussions.25–27 Concussed high school athletes with a history of 3 or more concussions presented more symptoms and a significantly lower memory performance at 2 days post-injury, compared to concussed athletes without a history of concussion.26 A recent study by Covassin and colleagues27 found that collegiate athletes with a history of 2 or more concussions, took longer to recover than athletes with no prior history of concussion.
[118] Consensus statement: An evidence-based review of exercise ... — Background: Early diagnosis and appropriate management of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is critical for preventing poor outcomes and minimizing health care burden. Current clinical guidelines for concussion management focus mostly on diagnosis and return to cognitive and physical activity but provide limited guidance on the use of specific therapeutic interventions. Objective
[119] Concussion part II: Rehabilitation - The need for a multifaceted ... — There is emerging evidence that multifaceted physiotherapy techniques for individuals who have ongoing symptoms following concussion may be of benefit. Purpose: The purpose of this masterclass article is to summarize the evidence for rehabilitation, describe treatment techniques and multifaceted interventions following concussion.
[120] Current and emerging rehabilitation for concussion: A review of the ... — The concept of physical and cognitive rest as the cornerstone of concussion management was developed and by the International Concussion in Sport Group, and currently states “The cornerstone of concussion management is physical and cognitive rest until the acute symptoms resolve and then a graded program of exertion prior to medical clearance and return to play(3).” The rationale for rest asserts that during the acute (1-7 days- possibly longer in youth) post-injury period of increased metabolic demand and limited adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reserves, non-essential activity draws oxygen and glycogen away from injured neurons. In the single human study evaluating exercise shortly after concussion, 95 concussed student-athletes retrospectively self-reported physical and cognitive activity in the 30 days following injury and compared the findings to a neurocognitive assessment.
[121] The Road to Recovery: Best Practices for Concussion Care and Prevention — Recognizing the signs of a concussion, responding promptly to the injury, and following a structured recovery process that includes rest, rehabilitation, and gradual reintroduction of activities are essential for a safe and effective recovery.
[122] Concussion Rehabilitation: Effective Recovery Tips — Concussion therapy exercises play a vital role in brain rehabilitation. By combining rest and gradual return to activities with targeted concussion therapy exercises, individuals can effectively support their head injury recovery and improve symptoms over time. By addressing physical, cognitive, and communication aspects of recovery, individuals with concussions can improve their overall functioning and quality of life. Effective concussion rehabilitation is crucial for promoting optimal recovery and improving the overall well-being of individuals with brain injuries. In conclusion, effective concussion rehabilitation requires a comprehensive and individualized approach that addresses the physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects of recovery. Additionally, cognitive rehabilitation exercises and neuropsychological interventions may be utilized to enhance brain health and promote recovery.
[123] 7 Best Exercises for Post-Concussion Syndrome Recovery — Cognitive challenge tasks engage the brain in activities designed to enhance memory, attention, and problem-solving skills, often compromised following a concussion. These therapeutic exercises are integral to the rehabilitation process, as they are rooted in evidence-based practices that foster neural plasticity and cognitive recovery.
[124] Cognitive Remediation for Post-Concussion Syndrome — Cognitive remediation incorporates psychotherapy in order to support the individual as he or she experiences emotions related to a brain injury or concussion. Cognitive remediation incorporates attention-enhancing exercises that require a variety of neural networks. These attention exercises engage both visual and auditory skills, both of which
[125] Cognitive Exercises for Concussion Recovery: Boost Brain Function — Cognitive rehab is like sending your brain to the gym, but instead of lifting weights, you're strengthening neural connections. The goals of cognitive exercises are threefold: 1. Restore lost functions (like finding those darn keys) 2. Compensate for persistent deficits (developing new strategies to remember things) 3.
[127] Acute Cognitive and Physical Rest May Not Improve Concussion Recovery ... — A gold-standard for identification of concussion recovery remains elusive, but clinically it is commonly defined as achieving or exceeding baseline values on balance, cognitive, and CNT as well as self-reporting asymptomatic. 1,27 The resolution of concussion symptoms is a core component of appropriate concussion management and, along with a
[131] Acute Physical and Mental Activity Influence on Concussion ... — Limiting the amount of rest to several days and then gradually returning to ADL may be more effective than prolonged physical and cognitive rest (21,26-33). The implementation of aerobic exercise, after at least 24-48 h of postconcussion rest, may also be generally effective for reducing symptoms and improving outcomes (23,34-36).
[146] Concussion: Hidden Recovery Challenges & Effective Solutions — 1. Vestibular Issues. Vestibular issues, encompassing symptoms like vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance, often go untreated post-concussion, leading to persistent challenges in spatial orientation and balance. People can wake up dizzy or have a seemingly unrelated issue like a sinus infection re-trigger old issues. The challenge comes with
[147] Effective Post-Concussion Syndrome Therapies for Recovery — For many individuals with post-concussion syndrome, the world can become a blurry, disorienting place. Vision problems are a common but often overlooked aspect of PCS. This is where vision therapy and neuro-optometric rehabilitation come into play, offering a beacon of hope for those struggling to see clearly.
[148] Why Are Concussions so Hard to Heal? - CARESPACE Health+Wellness — 2. Underlying Damage: In addition to the immediate effects of the injury, concussions can also cause secondary damage, such as inflammation and cell death. Addressing these underlying issues is crucial for long-term recovery but often requires specialized treatment modalities. 3.
[149] Long Term Concussion Treatment - theneuralconnection.com — The persistence of these symptoms beyond the typical recovery window often signals the need for a comprehensive long term concussion treatment plan. And for those who have been struggling with chronic post-concussion symptoms, answers usually can't come soon enough. Tailored Approaches to Long Term Concussion Treatment
[157] Celebrating 10 Years of Advancements in Concussion Research — Over the past ten years, increased awareness, educational initiatives, new policies and legislation, and technological advancements have been notable highlights in concussion research. On the HEADCHECK Health blog, we have highlighted concussion research in sports such as equestrian and cheerleading. Our partners at TeachAidas have reimagined concussion education with CrashCourse, a video-based interactive learning experience for students, parents, coaches, officials, and youth sports organizations. Advancements in concussion management software have enabled better tracking of symptoms, recovery progress, and communication between healthcare providers, athletes, parents, and coaching teams. Expect to see more and more research and advancements in these areas in the coming years, with HEADCHECKleading the way in helping organizations of all types and sizes in managing concussion risks and supporting athlete recovery.
[158] The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations ... - Psychreg — The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations, and Hope | Psychreg Home Health & Fitness The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations, and Hope The Future of Concussion Care: Advancements, Innovations, and Hope Integrating telemedicine platforms and remote monitoring systems for concussion evaluations, follow-up care, and rehabilitation support has improved access to healthcare services, enhanced communication between patients and providers, and facilitated continuity of care for individuals with concussions, especially in remote or underserved areas. These concussion innovations over the past three decades have significantly advanced our understanding of concussions, transformed clinical practices, and paved the way for a future where concussion care is more personalised, evidence-based, and patient-centered.
[159] Latest advancements in identification and treatment of concussions — There are over 25 new and updated recommendations, with key changes to post-concussion driving recommendations, vestibulo-ocular assessments, updated guidance on what assessments to administer and when, stronger mental health evaluations, and strategies to return patients to the classroom and their activities. We don’t fully understand why this is the case, but we believe that access to medical care (for instance, athletic trainers) is more consistent at the collegiate level than in high school athletics, and health care access is known to improve outcomes. U-M researchers co-authored a study on teen mental health after concussion. Health care providers and, more importantly, parents who know the child the best, should keep an eye on the concussed athlete following injury. Tags: Anxiety, Brain, Concussion, Depression, Eye, Health Care, Kinesiology, Mental Health, Physical Activity, Research, students
[162] Telemedicine, Quality Initiative for Concussion Management — Telemedicine use for concussion is an innovative method of care for athletes. ... The results revealed that 80% used remote access for concussion management. The overall satisfaction rating (0-5) was 4.75. Qualitative responses indicated satisfaction with the connectivity and ease of access to a provider to assess the athlete for concussion
[163] The Potential of Telemedicine to Improve Pediatric Concussion Care in ... — Focus on Education and Training: Ensure that primary care providers in remote areas receive adequate training on concussion management and telemedicine technology. Engage in Continuous Research: Participate in collaborative studies to evaluate the effectiveness of telemedicine in concussion care and contribute to the development of best
[164] Tele-Active Rehabilitation for Youth With Concussion: Evidence-Based ... — It complements ongoing telemedicine initiatives to improve access to pediatric concussion care in rural and remote Canadian communities . Recommendations for the use of telemedicine in concussion management specify the need for initial in-person medical assessment to confirm the diagnosis of concussion as well as regular medical follow
[165] Current Use and Future Considerations for Concussion Telemedicine ... — Conclusion: Telemedicine was used by a minority of Canadian concussion clinics and providers prior to the COVID-19 pandemic but was rapidly adopted by many facilities. This study provides important insight into the factors that must be considered to optimize use of telemedicine in concussion care in the future.
[166] New Techniques in Concussion Imaging - LWW — This article has described several recent advances in neuroimaging that hold promise in managing sports-related concussion ( Table ). The imaging modalities discussed demonstrate that substantial abnormalities in cerebral physiology may occur after concussion in a brain that appears anatomically normal.
[167] Advancements in diagnosing Post-concussion Syndrome: insights into ... — Advanced neuroimaging techniques show promise in evaluating structural and functional changes associated with concussions, despite normal conventional imaging. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may detect diffuse axonal injury and microstructural abnormalities, while functional MRI (fMRI) can reveal alterations in brain activation patterns .
[169] The vast potential and bright future of neuroimaging - PMC — Quantitative neuroimaging is well-suited for statistical modeling and systematic image analysis approaches that utilize canonical templates or brain atlases to measure changes in specific regions of interest.7 Quantitative methods are beginning to evaluate the brain as an integrated structural and functional network.8 These new approaches might be critical not only for deciphering brain circuitry but also for understanding the dysfunction of brain network connectivity that occurs during the progression of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.
[170] Application of Wearable Sensors for Objective Assessment of Concussion ... — However, challenges remain in terms of standardization, sensor accuracy, integration, data interpretation, accessibility, privacy considerations, and education. Addressing these challenges will pave the way for improved concussion management and athlete safety, further enhancing the role of wearable sensors in sports concussion assessment.
[172] The Concussion Conundrum: New Tech to Detect and Prevent Head Injuries — Wearable Impact Sensors (Beyond Helmets) While smart helmets are widely used in sports like football and hockey, wearable sensors have emerged as a solution for sports where helmets aren't worn, like soccer and rugby. These small devices are worn as: Headbands: Placed around the head to measure impact.; Mouthguards: Embedded with sensors that track impacts to the skull and jaw.
[179] Even mild concussions can have long-lasting effects on brain and behavior — New research has found that even a years-old mild concussion can have long-lasting effects on brain function and behavior in otherwise healthy people. The study adds to a growing understanding of
[180] Heads up! The life-altering dangers of concussions and traumatic brain ... — Concussions are a significant concern among athletes, particularly as more research emerges about their long-term effects. In recent years, organizations like the NFL have taken head injuries more seriously due to studies linking repeated concussions to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a condition caused by repeated head trauma.
[182] Concussions: A Review of Physiological Changes and Long-Term Sequelae — The physiological changes present after a concussion have the potential to develop into long-term complications such as academic difficulty, cognitive decline, gut microbiome changes, gait changes, and increased risk of lower extremity injury. Studies have shown that even after the symptoms of a concussion have resolved, changes to brain function can persist. This review aims to provide insight into the chemical and structural changes in the brain structure, function (including cognition), and long-term physical sequelae following a concussion or multiple concussive events. Like football, rugby is another sport that has been shown to have a high prevalence of concussions and causes long-term brain effects such as cognitive dysfunction . While concussion symptoms mostly affect the brain and cognitive processes, alterations to the gut microbiome have been seen after sports-related concussions in college athletes.
[183] Three or more concussions linked with worse brain function in later ... — Lead investigator Dr Vanessa Raymont from the University of Oxford's Department of Psychiatry said: 'We know that head injuries are a major risk factor for dementia, and this large-scale study gives the greatest detail to date on a stark finding - the more times you injure your brain in life, the worse your brain function could be as you age.
[199] Concussion in Athletes | University of Michigan Health — The Center for Disease Control estimates that 5-10% of athletes will experience a concussion in any given sports season. Many of these injuries go unreported and undiagnosed, leading to mismanagement and premature return to activity. The mismanagement of concussion can lead to prolonged symptoms and long-term consequences.
[200] Long-Term Effects of Sports Concussions | Effects on Athletes — The research into the long-term impact of concussions is fairly recent, detailing associated increases with dementia and repeated concussions being associated with developing a degenerative disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which has Alzheimer-like symptoms and was discovered in the early 2000s.
[203] Concussion - What to Do? Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | SportsMD — Symptoms can be listed on the left side of the page with the dates across the top. All the symptoms that are experienced by an athlete should be checked off on a daily basis. This concussion symptom checklist can be given to the sports medicine professional to track an athlete's recovery and progress.
[204] PDF — Concussion symptoms may last from a few days to many months. Concussions can cause symptoms which interfere with school, work, and social life. An athlete should not return to sports when still having symptoms from a concussion as they are at risk for prolonging symptoms and at risk for sustaining additional, more serious, brain injury.
[209] Long-Term Effects of Sports Concussions | Effects on Athletes — Beyond CTE, research has shown other long-term effects from sports-related concussions and repeated concussion events: Concussions can lead to cognitive impairments, including difficulties with memory, attention, concentration, and processing speed. These effects can persist long after the initial injury.
[210] Concussion in Sport: Psychological Perspectives - APA PsycNet — Concussions represent a significant health concern in sport, affecting as many as 4 million athletes in the United States each year. The purpose of the current special issue is to examine psychological issues with regard to sport-related concussion. In doing so, the issue is the first on sport-related concussion devoted solely to psychology-related issues. The authors in this issue describe
[212] The Psychological Impact of Concussions - Women's Sports Foundation — The high school athlete has a greater risk than the college athlete, and the college athlete a greater risk than the professional athlete" (Cleveland Clinic, Concussions). Interestingly, "Females participating in high school sports now have a higher incidence rate of sport-related concussions than do males" (Gessel et al., 2007; Powell
[214] Neurological Health in Athletes: Preventing and Managing Concussions ... — Among athletes, two to fifteen percent experience a sports-related concussion (SRC) during their season. ... These can include, depression, anxiety, aggression, and suicidality. A healthy support system and mental health professionals can aid the patient in working through the mental health challenges after injury. Integrative therapy for
[243] PDF — The NFL has played a leading role in increasing public awareness of concussion and the importance of continuing concussion edu-cation for parents, players, and coaches.
[244] The Importance of Concussion Awareness in Public Schools and the Role ... — In recent years, the spotlight on the potential dangers of concussions and their long-term impacts has grown considerably. Traditionally associated with sports injuries, concussions can happen in a variety of scenarios, many of which occur within the confines of school properties. With a rise in public awareness, schools are under increasing pressure to ensure the
[245] Awareness of Concussion-Education Requirements, and -Management Plans ... — Conclusions Club coaches were less likely to be aware of requirements for concussion-education and -management plans from their parent organizations and scored lower on specific concussion-knowledge questions than high school coaches despite the same education requirements across groups under their state concussion laws.
[246] Risk, Responsibility, and Prevention in Injury Management: Implications ... — Concerns over the short- and long-term health implications of concussions has led to a surge in concussion education materials, resources, and modalities to educate youth athletes as a first line of defense in injury prevention. In this paper, we argue that this over-emphasis on concussion education-and a reliance on static, sensationalized, and culturally disconnected messaging-fails to
[279] US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's — Additionally, the CDC built an extensive network of partner organisations, including federal agencies, medical societies and national organisations focused on youth, school and sports, to help disseminate and integrate HEADS UP materials and messages into existing concussion education efforts nationwide. Thus, in 2015, CDC embarked on a detailed five-step process to evaluate the campaign’s brand, including the logo, tagline and materials, with the ultimate goal of transitioning HEADS UP from an awareness campaign to a campaign that also promotes concussion behaviour change and a culture of safety and prevention. The brand positioning statement read, “The CDC HEADS UP campaign unites coaches, parents, school professionals, healthcare providers, and youth to prevent, identify, and manage concussions from all causes by shifting cultural norms, and motivating actions.
[281] ASHA Encourages Communities to "Start the Concussion Conversation" for ... — September 17, 2024 (Rockville, MD) More than half of the concussions in the United States are ignored—in large part because it isn't always easy to tell the difference between a minor head injury and a serious one. That's why the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is partnering with Concussion Awareness Now in its campaign to "Start the Concussion Conversation" this
[282] Parks and Recreation's Role in the Concussion Campaign — Creating and implementing policy can be a straightforward, simple process. In Brookline, Massachusetts, a three-pronged approach to concussion education has been implemented, including promoting a marketing campaign called "Heads Up Brookline" and a service offering free baseline concussion screening to all student athletes in the community.
[283] Sports-Related Concussions: Legal Rights for Athletes — Concussions are a serious and growing concern in the world of sports, and the legal landscape surrounding these injuries is evolving. Coaches, athletic trainers, and sports organizations have a legal responsibility to protect the safety of their athletes and to follow established protocols for managing concussions.
[284] The Legal Landscape of Concussion: Implications for Sports Medicine ... — Context: Concussion legislation has been enacted in all 50 of the United States, aiming to prevent mild traumatic brain injuries and the potential long-term sequelae of these injuries in youth athletics. Sports medicine providers, in addressing this major public health concern, are tasked with adhering to the established standards of medical care while also considering the legal implications.
[285] Concussions in Sports: Protecting Athletes and Addressing Legal Concerns — Legal Concerns and Athlete Protection As awareness of concussions and their effects grows, there is a growing emphasis on athlete protection and legal considerations. Sports organizations, schools, and institutions have a responsibility to provide proper training, equipment, and medical support to prevent and manage concussions.
[286] Concussion Ethics and Sports Medicine - PubMed — A number of ethical and clinical problems associated with concussion management protocols remain concerning, (i) diagnosis and management; (ii) conflicts of interest and coercion; (iii) same day return to play; and (iv) reporting, auditing and confidentiality. These issues are critically discussed in the light of recent Consensus Statements.
[287] Legal and ethical implications in the evaluation and management of ... — Evaluating and managing sports-related concussion raises a variety of distinctive ethical and legal issues for physicians, especially relating to return-to-play decisions.
[288] Legal and ethical implications in the evaluation and management of ... — The report also explores the ethical considerations physicians should bear in mind as they evaluate and manage concussed athletes, addressing them through a framework that includes considerations of professionalism, informed decision-making, patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, conflicts of interest, and distributive justice.
[290] Return to Play Decision-Making: Balancing Athlete Health and ... - AOSSM — Return to play decisions should be made involving all parties and consider postsurgical timelines, the patient's individual progression through rehab, as well as psychological readiness factors. Past AOSSM President Mark Miller has previously stated that "you can't reassure the player until you are sure yourself."
[291] Safe Return to Play: Injury Recovery Risks and Timelines — "Navigating the athlete, their desires, good medicine, and external pressures is a delicate balance of return to play that requires systematic, integrative thinking." Adam Loiacono What You Will Learn Risks associated with returning to sport too quickly, including the heightened possibility of re-injury and the development of compensatory injuries. Importance of psychological readiness for
[293] The Impact of Litigation, Regulation, and Legislation on Sport ... — Based on recent legal activity to implement concussion and return-to-play guidelines, sports concussion awareness has risen to national attention. In May 2009, the state of Washington became the first state to formally adopt youth sports concussion legislation with the Zackery Lystedt Law (Zackery Lystedt Law, 2009).
[294] Legal Aspects of Concussion: The Ever-Evolving Standard of Care — The standard of care for sport-related concussion has become a hotly debated topic in light of recent legal and scientific developments. While individual lawsuits involving concussion-related injuries are on the rise, larger-scale organizations such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Pop Warner, and state athletic associations have also become litigation targets.
[295] Coaches Could Face Liability on Student Concussions, Appeals Court Rules — A federal appeals court has ruled that coaches or other school personnel may be liable when they expose student-athletes to further harm by having them return to play after a suspected concussion.
[296] Potential Liability: Coaches & Officials for Student Athlete Concussions — Potential Liability of Coaches and Officials for Student Athlete Concussions. ... mandates that coaches learn how to identify when a player has sustained a concussion, that the coach keep a player out of a game or practice immediately following diagnosis, and that the player not be allowed to return to practice or play until cleared by a doctor
[299] A Coach's Complete Guide to Concussion — Have a conversation with the parents regardless of the perceived concussion risk. Enforce the Rules of the Game. In concussions reported among high school athletes, as many as 25 percent were the result of aggressive or illegal play, the CDC noted. Work with parents and players alike to ensure that all teammates follow regulation rules, such as
[300] HEADS UP to Youth Sports Coaches: Online Concussion Training — HEADS UP to Youth Sports Coaches: Online Concussion Training | HEADS UP | CDC Concussion Basics Signs and Symptoms Preventing Concussion Guidelines and Recommendations Helmets Safety How to Respond Data on Sports and Recreation HEADS UP Resources View All HEADS UP to Youth Sports Coaches: Online Concussion Training CDC’s HEADS UP to Youth Sports Coaches: Online Concussion Training shares the latest guidance on concussion safety and prevention. The training provides essential information to help coaches spot signs and symptoms of possible concussions and steps to take if one occurs. HEADS UP to Youth Sports Coaches: Online Concussion Training List at least two ways youth sports coaches can prioritize concussion safety. Hoja informativa para los deportistas y sus padres acerca de las conmociones cerebrales
[311] State concussion laws - sportsconcussions.org — State concussion laws. Many states passed concussion laws in 2010-11. While the actual laws vary, most contain three important elements: removal from play if an athlete is suspected of having suffered a concussion; referral to a medical professional trained in the diagnosis and management of concussion; and require an athlete to obtain a written medical authorization before that athlete can
[312] Concussion Legislation by State - SHAPE America — Today, all 50 states have some form of legislation regarding sport-related concussion.1 Because such policies vary widely, physical education teachers and other school personnel should take the time to understand their state and local concussion policies in addition to their school policy.2 Typically, this information can be found through each state’s official government website. Physical educators should learn what kind of healthcare professionals are legally allowed to provide medical clearance in their state. Concussion-education requirements for students, parents, coaches, healthcare professionals, physical educators and referees vary from state to state. It is important for physical educators to learn and follow their state and school policies regarding concussion education. State concussion legislation affects both public and private schools. State concussion legislation affects public schools only.