The period solidified energy-balance–driven climate modelling as the core paradigm, merging global heat budgets with early general circulation model concepts and laying foundations for global climate modelling. General Circulation Theory and analyses of atmospheric variability guided interpretation of circulation patterns, rainfall connections, and Hadley responses to ocean anomalies, along with early GCM experiments. Radiative forcing and feedback mechanisms rose to central importance, integrating solar forcing, cloud feedbacks, and the roles of carbon dioxide, aerosols, and orbital signals. Palaeoclimate reconstructions and Holocene/Ice Age context anchored climate-change theories, linking Pleistocene temperatures, Holocene variability, Last Ice Age circulation features, and secular trends. Historical Significance: This era marks a decisive shift from descriptive climatology to quantitative, process-based climate modelling. The synthesis of energy-balance reasoning with generalized circulation concepts established a durable framework for global climate projections, thereby enabling later explorations of radiative forcing, orbitally driven variability, and palaeoclimate constraints. The approaches and models developed during these years provided a blueprint for subsequent generations of climate science, shaping both theoretical and empirical debate and informing early policy-relevant climate assessments.