Cavitation is the phenomenon involving the formation and subsequent rapid collapse of vapor-filled cavities or bubbles within a liquid medium due to localized pressure reduction. It constitutes a significant research area in fluid dynamics, acoustics, and materials science, investigating the physical mechanisms of bubble nucleation, growth, oscillation, and collapse, as well as the resulting generation of high-energy events upon collapse and their diverse effects on flow fields and material surfaces. Key characteristics include dependence on pressure thresholds, liquid properties, and the generation of shock waves and microjets; its significance lies in understanding and mitigating detrimental impacts like erosion, noise, and vibration in hydraulic systems, while also exploring beneficial applications in areas such as sonochemistry and medical ultrasound.