• Geoarchaeology and stratigraphy organize archaeological interpretation by anchoring fossils and artifacts within sedimentary sequences. Across Chalk, Gault-Chalk beds, and cave contexts, researchers combine stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and palaeogeographic data to date remains and reconstruct habitats [5], [9], [16], [19].

• Morphology-driven synthesis and classification unify paleobiology across periods, using skeletal traits and taxonomic frameworks to interpret fauna and reef taxa in a regional context, shaping palaeogeographic reconstructions [4], [6], [8], [11], [15].

• Palaeoecology and climate context as drivers of biological and cultural change: Ice-age dynamics, mammalian faunas, and ecosystem mosaics inform environments that shaped human ancestors and early civilizations [9], [12], [14], [19].

• Archaeology-focused evidence from caves traces early inhabitants and technologies, integrating stratigraphy with material culture across Europe [14], [19], [20].

• Regional lithostratigraphy and landscape geology provide the backbone for interpretive frameworks across Britain and Europe, linking secondary rocks and Cambrian–Paleozoic formations to fossils and sites [3], [10], [15], [16], [17].