During this period, neuroscience coalesced around the primacy of functional localization and neurophysiological mechanisms. Researchers employed electrical stimulation, comparative histology, and clinical observation to map brain regions to movement, sensation, and cognitive function, while parallel work on peripheral nerve pathology and neurochemical modulation broadened the field’s scope. Across species and developmental stages, there was an emphasis on universal brain organization patterns and unified methodological approaches to study CNS architecture, health and disease. Historical Significance: The era produced decisive breakthroughs in cortical localization and the understanding of cerebral regulation, laying the groundwork for modern neurophysiology and brain mapping. Pioneering demonstrations of localization of function through electrical methods, detailed mapping of proprioception, and recognition of glial elements established enduring foundations for neuroscience. The converging themes of neurovascular regulation and peripheral nervous system pathology foreshadowed later developments in brain energetics, neurochemistry, and glial biology.