• Metabolic and perfusion-based functional neuroimaging emerged in the 1970s–1980s, enabling in vivo brain metabolism mapping and clinical visualization of stroke, epilepsy, and perfusion patterns [4], [7], [18], [20].

• Visual cortex functional organization and receptive-field mapping across cats and primates framed the principles of cortical topography and feature maps, spanning early single-neuron receptive fields to higher visual areas [1], [3], [6], [8], [13], [15], [16].

• Imaging-based clinical neurodiagnostics advanced through computed tomography and lesion visualization, enabling atrophy assessment, visual deficits, and surgical planning implications in patients [5], [11], [12], [17].

• Foundational anatomical mapping tools—stereotaxic brain atlases and pathway mapping—provided standard references for imaging interpretation and cross-species comparisons in neuroanatomy [9], [10], [14], [15].

• Integration of multimodal approaches with electrophysiology and tomographic perfusion imagery underlined network-level brain investigations, illustrating how BEAM and tomographic perfusion complement structural and functional data [4], [19], [20].