Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Geophysics is defined as the field of earth sciences that employs the principles and methods of physics to investigate the Earth's complex physical properties and the natural processes that have shaped its evolution over time.[3.1] This discipline encompasses a wide range of research areas, including the study of large-scale Earth structure, geodesy, geodynamics, geomagnetism, mineral physics, and seismology.[2.1] Geophysical methods are utilized to measure the exact shape and size of the planet, analyze the dynamics of the Earth's interior and tectonic plates, and explore the physical properties of rocks and minerals both at the surface and within the Earth's core.[2.1] The scope of geophysics is highly interdisciplinary, with geophysicists contributing to various domains within the Earth sciences and even extending their research to planetary sciences.[4.1] This broad applicability highlights the importance of geophysics in understanding not only the Earth itself but also its interactions with the surrounding environment in space.[1.1] Overall, geophysics serves as a crucial framework for comprehending the physical phenomena that govern the Earth's behavior and its geological history.Importance in Earth Sciences
Geophysics is integral to advancing Earth sciences, particularly through seismic imaging and GPS measurements, which enhance our understanding of tectonic plate movements and related geological phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic activity. Seismic techniques are crucial for monitoring volcanic systems, enabling researchers to explore volcanic dynamics and improve eruption predictions.[7.1] This monitoring is vital for forecasting volcanic eruptions, as it detects volcano-tectonic seismicity that typically precedes such events, providing critical alerts for public safety.[7.1] Advancements in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), including GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo, allow for precise measurements of crustal movements and deformation linked to seismic activities.[8.1] This capability is essential for understanding earthquake mechanics and the broader implications of tectonic shifts. Moreover, the integration of machine learning (ML) in seismic exploration is transforming the field by automating processes and enhancing data interpretation. ML applications are increasingly used for tasks such as seismic event classification, crucial for distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic seismic events.[12.1] The convergence of AI and remote sensing technologies further enhances earthquake preparedness, shifting the focus from reactive responses to proactive measures, including improved early warning systems and strategic planning for seismic resilience.[14.1]History
Early Developments
Early developments in geophysics were significantly influenced by ancient civilizations, notably the Greeks and Chinese, who laid foundational insights into geological phenomena. These early contributions were crucial in shaping the discipline, setting the stage for later groundbreaking discoveries and innovations.[64.1] The scientific evolution of geophysics gained momentum in the 17th and 18th centuries through experimental and mathematical analyses by pioneers such as Pierre Bouguer, Alexis Clairaut, and Henry Cavendish. Their work advanced the understanding of the Earth's shape, density, and gravity field. Concurrently, Alexander von Humboldt, Edmund Halley, and Carl Friedrich Gauss made significant contributions to the study of the Earth's magnetic field. In seismology, John Milne and Robert Mallet developed methods to analyze seismic activity, while Arthur Holmes and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, explored the Earth's age, heat, and radioactivity.[65.1] The early 20th century introduced new technologies that enhanced geophysical exploration. In the 1920s, the use of a magnetometer, initially invented by Swedish engineers Thalén and Tiberg in 1870, allowed prospectors to locate iron ore deposits with greater precision. This marked a pivotal shift in geophysical methods. Additionally, the torsion balance developed by Eötvös became essential for measuring gravitational variations, further exemplifying the growing interest and advancements in geophysics.[66.1]Evolution as a Distinct Discipline
The evolution of geophysics as a distinct discipline can be traced back to the mid-19th century, when the field began to establish itself independently from geology. This period marked a significant advancement, as a substantial body of geophysical observational data had been collected, enabling scientists to generalize and interpret this data through the application of physical laws.[47.1] Geophysics emerged not merely as an ancillary to geology but as a specialized science that employs the principles and methods of physics to study Earth processes.[50.1] The historical development of geophysics has been driven by two primary motivations: the innate curiosity of humanity regarding the Earth and its components, and the economic imperative to utilize Earth's resources effectively, including the exploration of ore deposits, petroleum, and water resources, as well as the understanding of Earth-related hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes.[48.1] Throughout the 20th century, geophysics experienced remarkable growth, propelled by advancements in science and technology, which were increasingly demanded by industrial needs for natural resources.[56.1] This growth has led to the establishment of modern geophysical survey services that play a crucial role in resource exploration, infrastructure development, and environmental protection.[56.1] As a relatively new discipline, geophysics has continually evolved, integrating advanced technologies and methodologies that have enhanced its precision and efficiency. The introduction of sophisticated geophysical instrumentation, such as multichannel seismic systems and airborne electromagnetics, has revolutionized the exploration and understanding of the Earth.[55.1] Furthermore, the advent of machine learning and data analytics has enabled geophysicists to tackle complex problems and improve data interpretation, thereby accelerating the field's transition into a new era of energy exploration.[53.1]Recent Advancements
Technological Innovations
Recent advancements in geophysics have been significantly influenced by technological innovations, particularly in computing power and artificial intelligence (AI). The integration of these technologies has enabled the geophysics community to harness machine learning (ML) and data analytics, which are crucial for addressing complex geophysical challenges and facilitating the transition to a new energy era.[108.1] The application of ML algorithms has transformed the interpretation of geophysical data, allowing for more sophisticated analyses and insights. For instance, deep learning techniques have been employed in geological mapping and mineral exploration, effectively addressing the complexities associated with data integration and analysis in these fields.[97.1] A notable case study involved the use of XGBoost and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to analyze Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) time series data from the tectonically active Anatolian region, which aimed to detect discontinuities related to seismic events.[98.1] Moreover, advancements in geophysical technologies have enhanced the exploration of mineral and hydrocarbon resources. Traditional methods, such as seismic and magnetic surveys, have adapted to incorporate new technologies, improving their effectiveness in characterizing the Earth's subsurface.[103.1] These innovations have not only increased the accuracy of geophysical surveys but have also expanded their applications across various industries, including oil and gas exploration, where they are indispensable for gathering geological information without environmental disruption.[105.1]Integration of Multi-Geophysical Methods
Recent advancements in geophysics have emphasized the integration of multiple geophysical methods to enhance the characterization and management of subsurface environments. One significant development is the combination of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), which has proven effective in assessing groundwater contamination risks, as demonstrated in studies near the Olubunku dumpsite in Ede North, Southwestern Nigeria.[93.1] This integrated approach allows for non-invasive, multi-dimensional mapping of contamination, providing critical insights into the lithology, stratigraphy, and presence of geological features such as faults or fractures that influence groundwater flow.[94.1] Moreover, the integration of remote sensing with geophysical techniques has emerged as a powerful strategy for groundwater exploration and management. This methodology facilitates the accurate identification of potential groundwater zones, thereby improving resource management sustainably.[95.1] The combination of these techniques not only enhances the understanding of subsurface conditions but also supports environmental policy and management practices by providing detailed data on contamination and resource availability.[92.1] In addition to traditional methods, advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) have further transformed geophysical practices. These technologies enable rapid and integrated interpretation of seismic and well data, significantly accelerating subsurface workflows.[116.1] The application of AI in geophysical methods enhances the ability to predict and mitigate environmental hazards by analyzing large volumes of Earth observation data, thus improving geological hazard analysis.[118.1] This integration of AI and machine learning with geophysical techniques represents a pivotal shift towards more efficient and effective subsurface exploration and environmental management.[117.1]In this section:
Technological InnovationsArtificial IntelligenceDeep LearningMineral ExplorationData Integration
Applications Of Geophysics
Resource Exploration
Geophysics is integral to resource exploration, particularly in oil, gas, and mineral sectors. By combining physics, geology, and engineering, it facilitates the study of the Earth's properties, aiding in the understanding of its structure, composition, and processes, which is crucial for locating natural resources, managing groundwater, and assessing geological hazards.[129.1][129.1] Geophysical surveys are essential for gathering data on the Earth's geological structure, including rock and soil composition, groundwater dynamics, and the presence of mineral or energy resources.[127.1] Seismic surveys, a key technique, provide detailed imaging of subsurface structures, vital for oil and gas exploration.[141.1] Recent advancements, such as machine learning and 4D seismic monitoring, have enhanced the precision and efficiency of these surveys, allowing for more accurate mapping and continuous monitoring of reservoir changes.[158.1][159.1] The integration of sustainable practices in seismic exploration is increasingly emphasized. New methodologies aim to minimize environmental impacts while maximizing resource recovery, employing low-impact seismic sources, real-time analytics, and continuous environmental monitoring.[137.1] By aligning drilling locations with ecological considerations, seismic technologies support environmental sustainability in oil and gas operations.[136.1] Additionally, incorporating carbon capture technologies into seismic interpretation further enhances the sustainability and accuracy of exploration practices.[139.1]Environmental Monitoring
Geophysics plays a crucial role in environmental monitoring by providing essential tools and methodologies for assessing and managing natural resources and hazards. The integration of geophysical techniques, such as remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enhances the ability to monitor environmental changes and respond effectively to natural disasters. For instance, GIS facilitates real-time monitoring and assessment of disaster events through satellite data integration, which aids in quick response and resource allocation during emergencies.[133.1] Moreover, the synergy between drone-based and satellite-based geophysical data acquisition is shaping the future of Earth observation and geoscience research, allowing for comprehensive analysis of environmental conditions.[132.1] This interdisciplinary approach to disaster management emphasizes the importance of collaboration among various scientific disciplines, leveraging state-of-the-art research in interoperability and collaborative networks to promote integrated, holistic analyses.[131.1] Geophysical methods are also instrumental in understanding groundwater resources, particularly under changing climate conditions. Techniques such as electrical resistivity methods provide precise hydro-geophysical models that assess groundwater availability and identify subsurface features, including aquifers and contaminated groundwater.[145.1] These methods are vital for sustainable groundwater management, especially as climate change impacts precipitation patterns and water quality.[147.1] In addition, the application of geophysical principles extends to various fields, including geology, seismology, and environmental science, where they are utilized to monitor and manage natural resources effectively.[150.1] The advancements in geophysical technology, particularly in remote sensing, have revolutionized disaster management by improving hazard mapping, prediction, and monitoring capabilities, thereby enhancing emergency planning and decision-making processes.[153.1]In this section:
Geographic Information SystemsNatural DisastersReal-time MonitoringDisasterResource Allocation
Geophysical Methods
Seismic Techniques
Seismic techniques are a fundamental aspect of geophysical methods, primarily utilized for investigating subterranean structures, particularly in the exploration of petroleum, natural gas, and mineral deposits. The core principle of seismic surveys involves generating seismic waves at a designated shot point, typically through controlled explosions, and measuring the time it takes for these waves to travel through the Earth and return to the surface after reflecting off various geological interfaces.[181.1] Once generated, seismic waves propagate through different layers of the Earth, reflecting back at boundaries where there are changes in subsurface properties, such as variations in rock types or geological structures.[182.1] The data collected from these seismic waves is processed using specialized instruments to create detailed images of the subsurface, which are crucial for applications ranging from oil and gas exploration to environmental studies and geological research.[182.1] In mineral exploration, seismic surveys are particularly effective for identifying potash deposits, where surface seismic surveys measure differences in seismic velocities among rock layers.[183.1] The technique has its roots in the oil and gas industry but has been adapted extensively for mineral exploration, as evidenced by high-resolution surface 3D reflection seismic data used to image reflections from magmatic layering and fault zones in significant deposits, such as those found in northern Finland.[184.1] Seismic techniques are complemented by other geophysical methods, such as magnetic surveys, which measure variations in the Earth's magnetic field to provide insights into geological structures and processes.[185.1] While seismic surveys are often preferred for detailed subsurface imaging, magnetic surveys can be advantageous in certain scenarios, particularly for crustal studies and groundwater exploration.[186.1] Overall, seismic techniques remain a vital tool in the geophysical toolkit, offering rapid and cost-effective means of characterizing subsurface conditions without extensive excavation.[206.1]Challenges And Future Directions
Addressing Natural Hazards
Addressing natural hazards requires a multifaceted approach that integrates advancements in seismic imaging technology, international collaboration, and effective urban planning. The development and application of seismic technology are crucial for extending the service life of buildings and enhancing their overall quality, particularly in regions prone to seismic activity.[228.1] As the oil and gas industry has demonstrated, revolutionary advancements in seismic imaging technology, which incorporate artificial intelligence and high-performance computing, have significantly improved exploration capabilities, providing unprecedented clarity and accuracy in subsurface imaging.[230.1] These advancements are essential for simulating seismic events, which can aid engineers in making informed decisions when designing critical infrastructure such as hospitals, bridges, and dams.[229.1] However, the challenges of funding and collaboration in geophysical research remain significant. The funding of certain sub-disciplines, particularly those linked to energy industries, is often subject to economic cycles, making international collaboration vulnerable.[221.1] To enhance these collaborative efforts, policies that strengthen international scientific partnerships and ensure equitable access to data and resources are necessary.[224.1] Programs like the Fulbright Program and funding opportunities from organizations such as Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council exemplify initiatives that support international research collaboration.[223.1] Moreover, the evaluation of seismic risk has become increasingly important in urban management and strategy planning. This evaluation is essential for developing effective disaster risk mitigation policies, as it involves assessing the severity and frequency of seismic hazards, the exposure of buildings and infrastructure, and the vulnerability of existing structures.[247.1] Urban planning must adapt to insights gained from advancements in seismic imaging, integrating interdisciplinary approaches to enhance local risk management and prevention strategies.[245.1] By addressing these challenges through innovative solutions and collaborative efforts, the scientific community can work towards a more resilient future in the face of natural hazards.Enhancing Data Reliability and Interpretation
The integration of machine learning (ML) techniques into geophysical methods presents both opportunities and challenges in enhancing data reliability and interpretation. One significant challenge is the diverse formats, scales, and dimensions of geophysical data, which complicate the application of deep learning techniques. Developing methods that can effectively handle multimodal geophysical data across various scenarios without the need for repeated design and training is essential for practical advancements in the field.[226.1] Moreover, the use of physics-informed machine learning (PIML) algorithms, which combine data-driven ML methods with physical equations, has shown promise in improving the modeling and inversion of geophysical data. By incorporating the constraints of physics, these algorithms can effectively reduce the complexity of data interpretation, thereby enhancing the reliability of the results.[227.1] A recent survey highlighted the importance of evaluating geophysical applications and techniques based on their maturity, relevance to current and future needs, and ability to address long-standing challenges.[215.1] This evaluation underscores the necessity of integrating innovative approaches, such as ML, to improve the interpretability of geophysical data and accurately identify subsurface geological structures.[236.1] Furthermore, the application of ML in geophysics is not without its limitations. Issues such as a lack of training data, model opacity, and discrepancies between training data and field data must be addressed to enhance the reliability of ML applications in geophysical contexts.[218.1] As the field evolves, ongoing research and development will be crucial in overcoming these challenges and ensuring that the insights gained from ML models are both actionable and understandable to geoscientists.[236.1]In this section:
References
[1] Outline of geophysics - Wikipedia — Seismic velocities and boundaries in the interior of the Earth sampled by seismic waves.. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geophysics: . Geophysics - the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's
[2] Geophysics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — Geophysical methods are used to study large scale Earth Structure, to measure the exact shape and size of the planet (Geodesy), to study the dynamics of the Earth’s interior and tectonic plates (Geodynamics), to study the history of Earth’s magnetic field and its present state (Geomagnetism), to study the physical properties of rocks and minerals at or near the surface, as well as those in the core (Mineral Physics), and finally, to study the physical causes and effects of earthquakes (Seismology). Exploration geophysics is the applied science of measuring physical properties of rocks and minerals and more specifically, to detect the measurable physical contrast between them.
[3] What is geophysics? | Geophysics: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford ... — Geophysics is a field of earth sciences that uses the methods of physics to investigate the complex physical properties of the Earth and the natural processes that have determined and continue to govern its evolution. 'What is geophysics?' explains how geophysical investigations cover a wide range of research fields—including planetary
[4] Geophysics - Wikipedia — Geophysics is a highly interdisciplinary subject, and geophysicists contribute to every area of the Earth sciences, while some geophysicists conduct research in the planetary sciences.To provide a more clear idea on what constitutes geophysics, this section describes phenomena that are studied in physics and how they relate to the Earth and its surroundings.
[7] Chapter 14 Seismic monitoring of volcanic activity and prediction of ... — Chapter 14 Seismic monitoring of volcanic activity and prediction of volcanic eruptions - ScienceDirect Chapter 14 Seismic monitoring of volcanic activity and prediction of volcanic eruptions This chapter discusses various aspects of the seismic monitoring of volcanoes and the methodology of predicting volcanic eruptions. The seismic monitoring of a volcanic activity helps forecast an eruption and issue an alert of a volcanic hazard to the public. The volcano-tectonic seismicity occurs before the majority of volcanic eruptions, thereby indicating the site of the forthcoming event. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 446, 2024, Article 107990 Seismic Monitoring of Volcanic Activity and Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions Cookies are used by this site. Cookie settings These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners.
[8] Review Article Geophysical Technique Advancements: An Extensive Overview — Systems (GNSS), such as GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo, provide precise positioning and velocity measurements, enabling the monitoring of crustal movements, sea-level rise, and deformation associated with earthquakes and volcanic activity. Moreover, advancements in GNSS technology, such as real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning and multi-
[12] Implementation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Seismic Events ... — The classification of seismic events has been crucial for monitoring underground nuclear explosions and unnatural seismic events as well as natural earthquakes. This research is an attempt to apply different machine learning (ML) algorithms to classify various types of seismic events into chemical explosions, collapses, nuclear explosions, damaging earthquakes, felt earthquakes, generic
[14] Seismic resilience in the age of AI and advanced remote sensing — Innovations such as the ShakeAlert® Earthquake Early Warning System, AI-driven forecasting models, transformer-based building damage assessments, and benefit-cost analyses (BCA) for seismic resilience mark a new era in earthquake science – one that is data-driven, predictive, and action-oriented. Future research will explore BCA integration with environmental benefits, mainly how earthquake-resistant infrastructure reduces carbon footprints, and assess policy-driven incentives to encourage resilience investments. With machine learning-enhanced forecasting models, high-resolution remote sensing, and robust economic planning, seismic resilience is entering a new era that could redefine how we anticipate and mitigate earthquake disasters worldwide. Open Access Government produces compelling and informative news, publications, eBooks, and academic research articles for the public and private sector looking at health, diseases & conditions, workplace, research & innovation, digital transformation, government policy, environment, agriculture, energy, transport and more.
[47] History and Evolution of Geophysics: From Foundations to Modern ... — The development of geophysics as an independent field reached a new stage by the mid-19th century, when a substantial body of geophysical observational data had been collected, allowing scientists to begin generalizing and interpreting this data using physical laws. ... (KMA), which played a key role in the development of magnetic geophysics
[48] History of geophysics - Wikipedia — The historical development of geophysics has been motivated by two factors. One of these is the research curiosity of humankind related to planet Earth and its several components, its events and its problems. The second is economical usage of Earth's resources (ore deposits, petroleum, water resources, etc.) and Earth-related hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, tides, and floods.
[50] Geophysics | Seismology, Plate Tectonics & Geodynamics | Britannica — Geophysics, major branch of the Earth sciences that applies the principles and methods of physics to the study of the Earth. A brief treatment of geophysics follows. For full treatment, see geology: Geophysics. Geophysics deals with a wide array of geologic phenomena, including the temperature
[53] Trends in Geoscience Technology - Today and in the Near Future — Dr. Bedle and her student research team at OU primarily work with seismic reflection data, using advanced techniques such as machine learning, attribute analysis, and rock physics to reveal additional structural, stratigraphic and tectonic insights of the subsurface. Examples of his research work are attribute-based modeling to predict coalbed thickness and permeability zones, combining spectral analysis with coherency imagery technique to enhance interpretation of subtle geologic features, and implementing a visual-based data mining technique on clustering to match seismic trace shape variability to changes in reservoir properties. His research interests include machine learning-based fault detection, seismic interpretation, pattern recognition, image processing, seismic attribute development and interpretation, and seismic facies analysis.
[55] The Future Of Geophysical Instrumentation And Technology — Explore advancements in geophysical instrumentation and technology, shaping the future of exploration, environmental monitoring, and data analysis in diverse fields.
[56] History and Evolution of Geophysics: From Foundations to Modern ... — Today, geophysics is a highly specialized science, with modern geophysical survey services playing an essential role in the exploration of natural resources, infrastructure development, and environmental protection. The 20th century witnessed remarkable growth in geophysics, driven by advancements in science, technology, and industrial demands for natural resources. Modern geophysical survey services are highly specialized in the exploration of natural resources, including oil and gas, iron ore, gold, diamonds, and fresh water. From its humble beginnings in the 17th century to the high-tech industry it is today, geophysics has made significant strides in the exploration of natural resources, environmental monitoring, and the safe construction of infrastructure.
[64] Unraveling Earth's Mysteries: Geophysics Explained - Life Conceptual — It plays a pivotal role in understanding various phenomena, from the movement of tectonic plates to the composition of the Earth's interior. ... leading to groundbreaking discoveries and innovations. Early Developments. Ancient civilizations, such as the Greeks and Chinese, made significant contributions to early geophysical knowledge through
[65] History of geophysics - Wikipedia — History of geophysics - Wikipedia History of geophysics These experimental and mathematical analyses were applied to several areas of geophysics: Earth's shape, density, and gravity field (Pierre Bouguer, Alexis Clairaut and Henry Cavendish), Earth's magnetic field (Alexander von Humboldt, Edmund Halley and Carl Friedrich Gauss), seismology (John Milne and Robert Mallet), and the Earth's age, heat and radioactivity (Arthur Holmes and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. Climate in Earth History: Studies in Geophysics. Climate in Earth History: Studies in Geophysics. History of Geophysics: Volume 5: The Earth, the heavens, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. "History of geophysics". "History Articles from Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 1969–1999". Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_geophysics&oldid=1270778150" History of geophysics
[66] Geophysics Enters the Fray - Engineering and Technology History Wiki - ETHW — In the early 1920s, prospectors began using a simple magnetometer invented by Swedish engineers Thalén and Tiberg in 1870 to locate iron ore deposits. ... set up a geologic consultancy business in New York City and became interested in the new geophysics. In early 1914 he learned of Eötvös's torsion balance and immediately ordered one from
[92] Geological and geophysical assessment of groundwater contamination at ... — Qualitatively, geophysical assessment of groundwater contamination was done using the combined electrical resistivity and Induced Polarization measurements in the active waste cell (Figure 2) (adjacent cells 1 and 2 which were already covered with linings and cap material) along 3 traverses (X, Y and Z) at 40 m inter-traverse spacing (Figure 5
[93] Characterizing groundwater contamination flow-paths and heavy metal ... — Consequently, geophysical methods have emerged as vital tools for non-invasive characterization and multi-dimensional mapping of contamination (Isah et al., 2023; ... This research focuses on assessing groundwater contamination risks near the Olubunku dumpsite in Ede North, Southwestern Nigeria, utilizing ERT, GPR, and heavy metal analysis.
[94] Geophysics applied to the detection of contamination of soil and ... — In this context , the interpretation of geophysical data can contribute to obtaining information about the lithology , stratigraphy , depth of water table , depth of the foundation , presence of faults or fractures , there are important aquifers , groundwater preferred propagation paths and other geological features of interest .In assessing
[95] Groundwater Exploration and Management using Geophysical and Remote ... — Integrating remote sensing and geophysical techniques has also emerged as one of the improved approaches for groundwater exploration and management, enabling accurate identification of potential groundwater zones. The study results show how integrating geophysical and remote sensing methods can sustainably improve groundwater resource management. Case Study 3: Geophysical Investigations and Remote Sensing Techniques for Groundwater Exploration in Wadi The overall objective of the present study is the investigation of groundwater occurrence through an integrated methodology incorporating remote sensing, lineament mapping, structural analysis and geophysical studies via electrical resistivity methods. The study results show how integrating geophysical and remote sensing methods can sustainably improve groundwater resource management.
[97] PDF — International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 6, no 1, pp 5581-5597 January 2025 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421 Deep Learning Algorithm for Geological Mapping and Mineral Exploration: A Review on Recent Advancement and Applications 1Fatima Umar Zambuk, 2Mustapha Abdulrahman Lawal, 3Mahmood Abdulhameed, 4Abdulsalam Ya’u Gital, 5Saratu Habu Japhet, 6Zainab Qamaruddeen, 7Abubakar Hussaini & 8Lawal Rukuna Muhammed* 1,4,6Department of Computing, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State 3Department of Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State 2,3Department of Geology, National Center for Remote Sensing, Jos 5Department of Computing Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technoogy, India A B S T R A C T Deep learning has become a transformative technology in geological mapping and mineral exploration, addressing the complexities of data integration and analysis in these fields.
[98] GNSS Time Series Analysis with Machine Learning Algorithms: A Case ... — This study addresses the potential of machine learning (ML) algorithms in geophysical and geodetic research, particularly for enhancing GNSS time series analysis. We employed XGBoost and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to analyze GNSS time series data from the tectonically active Anatolian region. The primary objective was to detect discontinuities associated with seismic events. Using
[103] A Review of Recent Advancements in Geophysical Technologies and Their ... — The paper begins with a discussion of electromagnetic, seismic, gravity and magnetic, ground penetrating radar, and borehole geophysical methods, highlighting their respective advancements.
[105] PDF — methods commonly applied, while induced polarisation, seismic and magnetotelluric surveys also find their place. Mining geophysics has long played a major role in VMS exploration. It is well known that numerous discoveries have been directly due to geophysics, commonly detected by magnetic or electromagnetic surveys. Ten years ago,
[108] Latest advancements in machine learning for geophysics — Introduction — Recent advances in computing power, AI technology, and the increased availability of data sets have enabled the geophysics community to leverage the potential of machine learning (ML) and data analytics to solve some of the most challenging problems and accelerate the community's transition to a new energy era.
[116] subsurfaceAI | Seismic Interpretation Software — subsurfaceAI is an integrated software platform that accelerates subsurface workflows by 20-200 times through applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML): Rapid and integrated interpretation of seismic and well data. Multi-scale and cross-scale reservoir modeling from core to full field models.
[117] A New Era in Subsurface Exploration | subsurfaceAI — It seamlessly integrates seismic interpretation, machine-learning-based seismic attribute analysis, near-wellbore modeling, and process-oriented reservoir modeling. What sets this platform apart is the infusion of advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies across all its applications.
[118] Deep learning for geological hazards analysis: Data, models ... — Recently, the dramatic increase in the volume of various types of Earth observation ‘big data’ from multiple sources, and the rapid development of deep learning as a state-of-the-art data analysis tool, have enabled novel advances in geological hazard analysis, with the ultimate aim to mitigate the devastation associated with these hazards. Motivated by numerous applications, this paper presents an overview of the advances in the utilization of deep learning for geological hazard analysis. Third, focusing on six typical geological hazards, i.e., landslides, debris flows, rockfalls, avalanches, earthquakes, and volcanoes, the deep learning applications for geological hazard analysis are reviewed, and common application paradigms are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the application of deep learning models for geological hazard analysis are highlighted, with the aim to inspire further related research.
[127] Geophysical Surveys: Techniques, Applications, and Importance — Geophysical Surveys Geophysical Surveys What is Geophysical Surveys? Types of Geophysical Survey Methods What is Geophysical Surveys? The goal of a geophysical survey is to gather information related to the geological structure of the Earth, such as the composition of rocks and soil, groundwater movement, and the presence of mineral or energy resources. Seismic surveys are among the most widely used geophysical techniques, particularly in the exploration of oil, gas, and minerals. Depth limitations: Some geophysical methods are better suited to shallow subsurface investigations, while others, such as seismic surveys, may be required for deeper studies. Geophysical surveys are indispensable tools used across various industries to explore the Earth’s subsurface and gather valuable information without disturbing the environment.
[129] What is Geophysics?-Introduction, Branches, and Applications - Eduinput — Geophysics is the study of the Earth’s internal and external properties, using physical and mathematical principles to understand the Earth’s structure, composition, and processes. Geophysics is the study of the physical processes and properties of the Earth. By studying the Earth’s interior and processes, geophysicists can better understand earthquake hazards, locate natural resources, manage groundwater, assess volcanic hazards, and study climate change. Geophysics is the study of the Earth using physics, focusing on the planet’s composition, structure, and processes. Geophysicists use techniques like seismic surveys, gravity measurements, and geomagnetic studies to explore the subsurface and understand earthquakes, volcanoes, climate change, and more. Using seismic waves to map the structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle is an example of exploration geophysics.
[131] Collaborative disaster management: An interdisciplinary approach — The paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach to disaster management collaboration drawing upon knowledge accumulated by state-of-the-art research in Interoperability, Collaborative Networks and Enterprise Architecture (see Fig. 1). It is expected that that this approach will promote an integrated holistic, life cycle-based analysis and
[132] PDF — of damage from earthquakes, hurricanes, and wildfires, aiding in disaster relief planning and mitigation strategies. Integration and future directions The synergy between drone-based and satellite-based geophysical data acquisition is shaping the future of Earth observation and geoscience research.
[133] PDF — The focus of the plan can be outlined as follows: Establishing constructive and continuously updated and tested disaster preparedness, response and recovery plans Ensuring prompt, efficient and coordinated response Bringing forth maximum community participation in all disaster management related activities during every phase of the disaster management cycle Ensuring high priority to all disaster management initiatives in the planning process at all levels so as to mainstream disaster management into development International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment https://www.geojournal.net ~ 201 ~ Promoting a culture of prevention and preparedness so as to ensure disaster resilience in the stat Findings regarding the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in disaster management and planning in India Critical Role in Disaster Response GIS facilitates real-time monitoring and assessment of disaster events through satellite data integration, aiding in quick response and resource allocation.
[136] Seismic Technologies in Oil And Gas Exploration? - Seis Tech — Furthermore, seismic technologies contribute to environmental sustainability in oil and gas operations. By aiding in the selection of drilling locations with minimal environmental impact, these technologies align exploration practices with ecological considerations.
[137] Sustainable Seismic Practices in Offshore Exploration: A Conceptual ... — Offshore exploration for hydrocarbon resources often entails significant environmental challenges, including potential disruptions to marine ecosystems and water quality. This paper presents a conceptual model for sustainable seismic practices in offshore exploration, aiming to minimize environmental impact while enhancing resource recovery. The model integrates advanced seismic acquisition
[139] Carbon capture integration in seismic interpretation: Advancing ... — The study leverages existing seismic interpretation techniques and incorporates carbon capture data to enhance the accuracy and environmental sustainability of exploration practices.
[141] Seismic Technology Advancements and Their Impact on Oil and Gas Exploration — Seismic Technology Advancements and Their Impact on Oil and Gas Exploration – EDI Weekly: Engineered Design Insider Seismic Technology Advancements and Their Impact on Oil and Gas Exploration The use of seismic technology represents an exciting evolution in the exploration of oil and gas, allowing for higher quality data, reduced costs, and lower environmental impact. From 3D seismic imaging that offers a detailed snapshot of the underground landscape to the advanced seismic monitoring techniques capable of tracking the continuous changes in reservoirs, the latest advancements in seismic technology are essentially revolutionizing the oil and gas industry. If you’re an engineer or designer in the oil and gas industry, the advancements in seismic technology are undoubtedly making your job more efficient and precise.
[145] Geo-resistivity method for groundwater assessment and exploration — The same resistivity data can be used to identify and describe subsurface features such as the presence and type of aquifers, contaminated groundwater, and sediment size distribution. The Bureau of Soils and Water Management of the Department of Agriculture through the Water Resources Management Division (WRMD) is conducting geo-resistivity
[147] Sustainable Groundwater Management Under Global Climate Change ... — Sustainable groundwater management is vital under changing climate conditions in the world, and it is essential to focus on both mitigation and adaptation measures to overcome this threat. The impacts of climate change on groundwater resources, including changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration, recharge, and quality, are discussed in this chapter. Strategies for sustainable groundwater
[150] What is Geophysics?-Introduction, Branches, and Applications - Eduinput — Geophysics is the study of the Earth’s internal and external properties, using physical and mathematical principles to understand the Earth’s structure, composition, and processes. Geophysics is the study of the physical processes and properties of the Earth. By studying the Earth’s interior and processes, geophysicists can better understand earthquake hazards, locate natural resources, manage groundwater, assess volcanic hazards, and study climate change. Geophysics is the study of the Earth using physics, focusing on the planet’s composition, structure, and processes. Geophysicists use techniques like seismic surveys, gravity measurements, and geomagnetic studies to explore the subsurface and understand earthquakes, volcanoes, climate change, and more. Using seismic waves to map the structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle is an example of exploration geophysics.
[153] What is the role of remote sensing and GIS in disaster management? - NCESC — In conclusion, the role of remote sensing and GIS in disaster management has revolutionized the way authorities plan, respond, and mitigate the impact of natural disasters. Through hazard mapping, prediction, and monitoring, these technologies provide essential tools and insights for emergency planning, resource allocation, and decision-making.
[158] Unlocking New Resources with Seismic Imaging Innovations — Recent advancements in seismic imaging technology have substantially enhanced the ability to explore and manage natural resources, especially in oil and gas exploration. Techniques such as machine learning integration , 4D seismic monitoring , and full-waveform inversion are improving both the accuracy and efficiency of
[159] Seismic Technology Advancements and Their Impact on Oil and Gas Exploration — Seismic Technology Advancements and Their Impact on Oil and Gas Exploration – EDI Weekly: Engineered Design Insider Seismic Technology Advancements and Their Impact on Oil and Gas Exploration The use of seismic technology represents an exciting evolution in the exploration of oil and gas, allowing for higher quality data, reduced costs, and lower environmental impact. From 3D seismic imaging that offers a detailed snapshot of the underground landscape to the advanced seismic monitoring techniques capable of tracking the continuous changes in reservoirs, the latest advancements in seismic technology are essentially revolutionizing the oil and gas industry. If you’re an engineer or designer in the oil and gas industry, the advancements in seismic technology are undoubtedly making your job more efficient and precise.
[181] Seismic survey | Description, Methods, & Facts | Britannica — seismic survey, method of investigating subterranean structure, particularly as related to exploration for petroleum, natural gas, and mineral deposits. The technique is based on determining the time interval that elapses between the initiation of a seismic wave at a selected shot point (the location where an explosion generates seismic waves) and the arrival of reflected or refracted impulses
[182] The Seismic Method : Principles and Applications » Geology Science — Propagation of Seismic Waves: Once generated, seismic waves travel through the Earth, penetrating different layers and reflecting back to the surface at interfaces where there are changes in subsurface properties, such as rock types or geological structures. Seismic surveys rely on specialized instruments and equipment to generate seismic waves, record the resulting data, and analyze the subsurface structure. These instruments and equipment work together to collect and process seismic data, providing valuable insights into the subsurface structure for applications ranging from oil and gas exploration to environmental studies and geological research. Seismic data acquisition is a critical step in the seismic method, involving the collection of measurements from seismic sensors to create a detailed image of the Earth’s subsurface.
[183] PDF — Exploration of the potash deposits is mainly by surface seismic surveys which measure differences in seismic velocities among rock layers. Seismic geophysics was pioneered in the oil and gas industry and is also now used extensively by the mineral industry.
[184] Seismic methods in mineral exploration and mine planning — Introduction — Malehmir et al. present results from high-resolution surface 3D reflection seismic data acquired over a major Ni-Cu-PGE deposit in northern Finland. Seismic data in combination with VSP data image reflections from magmatic layering and faults zones, which are crucial for mine planning, and identify seismic targets for future deep exploration.
[185] Magnetic Surveys: Principles, Applications » Geology Science — Magnetic surveys are a geophysical exploration technique used to measure and map variations in the Earth’s magnetic field. Crustal Studies: Geologists utilize magnetic surveys to study the Earth’s crust, map geological structures, and understand tectonic processes. Groundwater Exploration: Magnetic surveys can help locate subsurface geological formations related to groundwater resources. Geological Structures: Variations in rock types and structures can lead to differences in magnetic properties, causing anomalies. Geological Studies: Magnetic anomalies provide insights into the Earth’s crustal structure, aiding in the understanding of tectonic processes and regional geology. Applications: Integral in ground-based and airborne surveys, facilitating the collection of high-quality magnetic data for analysis. Interpreting magnetic anomalies involves a combination of quantitative analysis, geological knowledge, and consideration of the survey’s objectives.
[186] What Are Geophysical Surveys? - Seis Tech — Geophysical surveys are utilizing a range of physical principles, including seismic, magnetic, gravitational, and electrical methodologies, to detect anomalies and gather data about underlying structures, natural resources, and geotechnical conditions. Types of Geophysical Surveys 1. Seismic Surveys Seismic surveys are among the most common geophysical methods, particularly for engineering
[206] Why Choose Geophysical Methods for Environmental Impact Assessments ... — Geophysical methods are highly favored for environmental impact assessments because they offer rapid and cost-effective insights into what lies beneath the surface. These techniques allow for an evaluation of the underground environment without the need for significant excavation, facilitating accurate predictions of subsurface conditions.They excel in identifying soil types, measuring the
[215] Hot topics in geophysics: Progress, trends, and perspectives — geophysical applications and techniques. All topics were evaluated on their level of maturity, importance to current and future needs, ability to address long-standing challenges, and excitement or interest level. While this survey has its limitations, it does capture a distinctive, valuable snapshot of contemporary geophysics research interests.
[218] Deep Learning in Geophysics: Current Status, Challenges, and Future ... — Despite these technological advances, there are still challenges to be overcome, such as a lack of training data, model opacity, and heterogeneity between training data and field data, and this study suggests future research directions to address these aspects. Keywords exploration geophysics machine learning deep learning research trends
[221] International collaboration in geoscience lags behind other ... - Nature — The funding of certain sub-disciplines of geoscience, especially those with close ties to energy industries, may also be coupled to economic cycles, making international collaboration vulnerable
[223] International Research Collaboration: Challenges and Opportunities — Although collaboration with international researchers seems daunting, the benefit of establishing these coop-erative relationships certainly outweighs the challenges. For anyone interested in engaging in international work, there are several opportunities readily available. One such opportunity is the Fulbright Program, which is an
[224] AGU's 2024 Policy Priorities - The Bridge: Connecting Science and Policy — Science requires freedom of movement, collaboration, and communication, as well as equitable access to data and resources. AGU supports policies that: Strengthen and foster international scientific collaborations and ensure that research security measures impacting international researchers and collaborations are well-justified and clearly defined.
[226] Journal of Geophysical Research: Machine Learning and Computation — However, the diverse formats, scales, and dimensions of geophysical data add complexity to the application of deep learning techniques. Developing methods that can adeptly handle multimodal geophysical data across different scenarios without repeated design and training is a critical need for practical advancements in the field applications.
[227] Review of physics-informed machine-learning inversion of geophysical ... — ABSTRACT We review five types of physics-informed machine-learning (PIML) algorithms for inversion and modeling of geophysical data. Such algorithms use the combination of a data-driven machine-learning (ML) method and the equations of physics to model or invert geophysical data (or both). By incorporating the constraints of physics, PIML algorithms can effectively reduce the size of the
[228] (PDF) Research on seismic technology of civil engineering structure ... — The development and application of seismic technology in civil engineering structures is of great significance to extend the service life of buildings and improve the overall quality of buildings
[229] Large-scale simulation of seismic wave motion: A review — Despite the uncertainty in future events, and the difficulty with the characterization of seismic sources, there is strong interest in faithfully simulating seismic events. Such simulations can help engineers to make better decisions when designing structures and infrastructures, such as tall buildings, hospitals, dams, bridges, and nuclear
[230] Breakthrough in Seismic Imaging Technology - Seeed — Revolutionary Advances in Exploration The oil and gas industry has witnessed a groundbreaking advancement in seismic imaging technology, marking a significant milestone in exploration capabilities. This revolutionary technology combines artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, and advanced algorithms to provide unprecedented clarity and accuracy in subsurface imaging.
[236] Improving subsurface structural interpretation in complex geological ... — This study underscores the value of integrating machine learning techniques with geophysical methods such as SRT and ERT to improve interpretability and accurately identify subsurface geological structures, particularly in fault zone identification. Several studies have successfully applied SRT and ERT in different engineering applications, such as slope instability assessment (Solberg et al., 2016; Whiteley et al., 2020), sinkhole detection and ground deformation characterization (Jacob et al., 2018; Perrone et al., 2006; Su et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022b), underground construction monitoring (Wang et al., 2022a), bedrock detection (Babacan et al., 2018; Hsu et al., 2010), geological fracture zoning (Edigbue et al., 2021; Hasan et al., 2018; Henaish et al., 2023; Hung et al., 2024), rock mass quality assessment (Danielsen and Dahlin, 2009; Klose et al., 2007), earthquake-induced liquefaction zone delineation (Baradello and Accaino, 2016; Khan et al., 2021), seepage inspection (Himi et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2018), and building defect study (Giocoli et al., 2019; Smyl et al., 2018).
[245] PDF — presents a new method for urban seismic risk reduction based on the application of an interdisciplinary work integrated in a dynamic and evolutionary process of the city planning when designing urban sites. This will clarify the aspect of prevention and management of the local risk, the
[247] PDF — Assessing the likely risk of seismic events, and their expected impact on buildings and infrastructure, is vital in designing effective disaster risk mitigation and management policies. Seismic risk is calculated by looking at three factors. Hazard - the severity and frequency of quakes. Exposure - the nature of the