• Erosion and degradational processes emerge as the central driver of landscape evolution across climates, linking desert degradation, piedmont erosion cycles, and high-latitude landforms through sediment dynamics and stratigraphic context [4], [7], [9], [15], [18].

• Coastal and lacustrine geomorphology reveals regional shoreline and shoreface dynamics, with cliff erosion (Charmouth), lake-basin sedimentation (Lake Superior), and marine-geology contexts (south London, New Jersey) shaping landforms across continents [12], [15], [17], [20].

• Regional geology is routinely framed with geography and tectonics to illuminate landform development across continents, exemplified by Northern Nigeria, West Somerset Rhætic deposits, Eyre Peninsula granitoids, and Mozambique outlines [2], [6], [13], [14], [16].

• Mapping and landform description anchor early integrated geography approaches, combining landform mapping, applied geography, and geo-structural context to connect geology with broader geographic reasoning [2], [4], [6], [8].