Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Geochemistry is defined as the discipline within the earth sciences that examines the chemical aspects of the Earth, focusing on the processes that determine the abundance, composition, and distribution of chemical elements, compounds, and isotopes in natural environments.[3.1] This field serves as a critical bridge between geology and chemistry, utilizing chemical principles to interpret geological phenomena.[2.1] The scope of geochemistry encompasses a wide range of topics, including atomic structure, chemical and isotopic equilibria, and the mechanisms regulating the Earth's major geological systems, such as the mantle, crust, oceans, and atmosphere.[4.1] Geochemical exploration methods are particularly significant, as they employ the chemical properties of naturally occurring substances—such as rocks, soils, and waters—to locate economic deposits of metals, minerals, and hydrocarbons.[3.1] These methods rely on the observation of anomalous concentrations of elements that may indicate the presence of mineral deposits, highlighting the practical applications of geochemistry in resource exploration.[3.1]Importance in Earth Sciences
Geochemistry is essential in understanding Earth processes and addressing environmental challenges. It is particularly significant in assessing sediment contamination, where geochemical and environmental parameters help identify potential risks to lake environments near agricultural and land-use sites.[12.1] This underscores geochemistry's role in evaluating environmental risks and managing ecological health. Geochemical processes are also crucial for understanding soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, the largest terrestrial carbon stock. Factors such as climate, land use, and soil geochemistry influence SOC dynamics, affecting carbon input, stabilization, and persistence in soils.[11.1] This connection highlights geochemistry's evolving role in addressing climate change and its environmental impacts. In geological studies, geochemistry is vital for understanding landscape formation and modification through weathering and erosion. These processes, influenced by geochemical and physical factors, are predicted to affect up to 65% of ice-free areas due to climate change, potentially impacting 80% of terrestrial habitats.[9.1] Additionally, mineral formation involves complex interactions among elements, fundamental to rock composition.[17.1] Most minerals are compounds of multiple elements arranged in specific configurations, crucial for understanding geological processes like volcanism and sedimentation.[18.1] Moreover, integrating real-world examples and case studies in geochemistry education enhances student engagement and understanding. The Pebble case study, for instance, serves as an effective teaching tool across topics such as environmental geology and geochemistry.[5.1] Project-based learning strategies that connect classroom learning to real-world contexts further enrich the educational experience, making geochemistry more relevant and meaningful for students.[8.1]History
Key Milestones in Geochemistry
The term "geochemistry" was first coined in 1838 by the German-Swiss chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein, who emphasized the need for a comparative geochemistry to unveil the mysteries of planetary genesis and inorganic matter.[34.1] The discipline of geochemistry has its roots in the Renaissance arts of alchemy and metallurgy, evolving over centuries as it became more intertwined with the broader field of chemistry.[35.1] Modern geochemistry emerged in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, with foundational methodologies for regional mapping developed by the late 1960s and significant advancements occurring in the 1980s.[47.1] This evolution marked a transition from traditional practices, such as alchemy, to more systematic approaches in the study of Earth's materials. Alchemy, which laid the groundwork for modern chemistry, gradually evolved through the efforts of scientists who aimed to separate empirical investigation from mystical and speculative elements.[49.1] The transition from alchemy to chemistry was not abrupt; rather, it was a gradual process that influenced the methodologies and tools used in geochemistry, reflecting a broader movement towards scientific rigor in understanding natural phenomena.[49.1] The relationship between metallurgy and geochemistry has also been pivotal, as the study of geochemical characteristics of mineral deposits is essential for understanding ore genesis, mineral classification, and exploration.[46.1] This connection highlights the direct impact of human activity on geochemical deposition, particularly in the context of specific trace elements associated with metalworking.[43.1]Recent Advancements
Analytical Techniques
Recent advancements in geochemistry have significantly transformed analytical techniques, particularly in the context of mineral exploration and environmental assessments. The introduction of portable analytical instruments has revolutionized the field by enabling on-site analysis, which provides accurate chemical and mineralogical information with minimal or no sample preparation. This capability supports decision-making during fieldwork and drilling operations, enhancing the efficiency of mineral exploration programs.[89.1] Traditional laboratory-based methods for geochemical exploration have been characterized by their expense and time consumption, as they typically require transporting samples to laboratories for analysis. However, recent technological innovations have led to the development of field-portable analytical instruments that allow for real-time or near real-time decision support, thereby streamlining the exploration process.[91.1] These advancements have made it possible to analyze core samples as they are being drilled, significantly reducing the time and costs associated with mineral exploration.[89.1] Advancements in computational methods and analytical techniques have significantly enhanced the accuracy of geochemical analyses, particularly in mineral exploration. Traditional methods for soil geochemistry data reduction, which include the determination of elemental background, have evolved with the introduction of new computational methodologies that open new avenues for discovery.[80.1] These computational methods and virtual experiments are increasingly crucial in revealing the fundamental science behind complex geochemical phenomena and in predicting mineral structures, properties, formation, and reactivity.[81.1] Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a pivotal tool in this evolution, facilitating applications such as lithology classification, geochemical mapping, and soil and water quality predictions.[82.1] Furthermore, the integration of geochemical techniques with on-site technologies has revolutionized the mining field by providing immediate feedback and adaptability for various mining tasks, ensuring that these techniques remain integral to discovering mineral deposits.[83.1] The significance of geochemical data and analysis in the sector underscores the need for continuous innovation, as these techniques have become essential components of the standard industrial analysis framework in mining projects.[83.1]Applications in Environmental Studies
Recent advancements in geochemistry have significantly enhanced applications in environmental studies, particularly in monitoring and mitigating the impacts of resource extraction on local ecosystems. Technological innovations such as portable instruments, on-site laboratory technologies, and core scanners have improved mineral exploration and environmental analysis, allowing for more effective monitoring of ecological changes resulting from resource extraction activities.[85.1] Additionally, advancements in data analytics have enabled companies to optimize extraction strategies by analyzing geological data, predicting ore quality, and improving decision-making processes.[86.1] Geochemical monitoring techniques have evolved to include both direct and indirect methods. Direct monitoring measures changes in the chemical composition of water and gases, providing immediate insights into the underground environment and the geochemical reactions occurring during resource extraction.[87.1] This capability is crucial for assessing the environmental impacts of activities such as mining and drilling. The integration of remote sensing data and geochemical data can significantly enhance mineral exploration and environmental surveys without increasing costs.[95.1] Currently, remote sensing assessments of ecosystem health are limited to one attribute at a time—vigor, organization, or resilience. However, an effective assessment should encompass a comprehensive and dynamic measurement of all three attributes.[100.1] Remote sensing technologies, including optical, radar, and LiDAR, offer opportunities to improve these assessments by capturing the spectral characteristics of objects, while geochemical data reflect the physical and chemical attributes of geological features.[97.1] Both remote sensing and geochemical exploration technologies serve as effective tools for detecting target objects, as they are based on geological bodies or phenomena on the Earth's surface.[98.1] Thus, the fusion of these technologies can provide a more nuanced understanding of ecosystem health and resilience in areas impacted by resource extraction. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of geochemistry in addressing global challenges such as climate change. For instance, research has shown that soil-based carbon dioxide removal approaches utilizing primary and secondary minerals can create synergies between inorganic carbon and soil organic carbon, contributing to sustainable resource management.[106.1] Furthermore, the impact of climate change on soil carbon dynamics, particularly through enhanced root exudation of organic compounds, underscores the critical role of geochemistry in understanding and mitigating environmental changes.[107.1]In this section:
Mineral ExplorationSample PreparationTechnological InnovationsData ReductionMachine Learning
Sub-Disciplines Of Geochemistry
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemistry is an integrative discipline that examines the interactions between biological, geological, and chemical processes within ecosystems. It encompasses both terrestrial and aquatic subdisciplines, which have historically developed somewhat independently due to physical and biological differences between these environments.[134.1] In biogeochemistry, key questions arise from a focus on nutrient limitation, ecosystem nutrient retention, and the controls of nutrient transformations.[135.1] In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients that often exist in excess due to runoff from urban and agricultural areas. This nutrient overload can lead to detrimental effects on aquatic health, such as the promotion of harmful algal blooms, which can produce toxins harmful to aquatic life and human health.[137.1] Conversely, in terrestrial ecosystems, soil pH plays a critical role in influencing the chemical forms and solubility of nutrients, thereby affecting their availability to plants.[125.1] Each nutrient has an optimal pH range for maximum availability, which is crucial for agricultural productivity.[125.1] The interactions between contaminants and solids in soils and sediments also significantly affect the bioavailability of these contaminants, which is essential for understanding their ecological impacts.[127.1] Chemical remediation methods, such as adsorption and precipitation, are employed to reduce the bioavailability of contaminants by binding them to soil particles or transforming them into less mobile forms.[128.1]Organic Geochemistry
Organic geochemistry is a significant sub-discipline of geochemistry that focuses on the study of organic compounds and their transformations within geological contexts. This field has been pivotal in advancing oil and gas exploration and production, contributing valuable insights from the early indications of hydrocarbons, such as the presence of asphalt blocks in the Dead Sea, to the development of sophisticated four-dimensional basin models for reservoir production modeling.[152.1] The discipline primarily investigates the origin and fate of hydrocarbons in subsurface environments, a major focus of organic geochemists during the latter half of the twentieth century. Their research has elucidated the complex interplay of elements and processes that underpin the petroleum system, a unifying concept that is crucial for decision-making in energy resource management.[154.1] The consensus within the field is that petroleum is formed through thermal generation over geological time from organic matter that has accumulated in sedimentary rocks.[156.1] Organic geochemistry primarily examines the alteration and transformation of organic compounds within various environmental systems, rather than focusing on their generation and migration. These transformations can significantly differ based on the environmental context, which has important implications for energy resource exploration. For instance, coastal wetland soils are rich in hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, such as Alcanivorax sp., Marinobacter sp., and Nocardia sp., which utilize hydrocarbons as their sole carbon source.[160.1] This microbial activity is crucial in influencing the geochemical characteristics of these environments, highlighting the role of environmental settings in shaping organic compound transformations and their potential for hydrocarbon generation. Organic geochemistry plays a critical role in understanding the formation of fossil fuels, particularly in the context of petroleum systems analysis. The thermal generation of hydrocarbons, specifically liquid hydrocarbons (C5 and heavier), is predominantly derived from hydrogen-rich organic matter found in deeply buried sediments. This process occurs at temperatures ranging from 90° to 150°C, which corresponds to burial depths of approximately 2500 to 5000 meters, where the rates of hydrocarbon generation become quantitatively significant.[161.1] Furthermore, the insights gained from organic geochemistry are essential for deriving constraints on the key elements and processes that contribute to the formation of these energy resources, thereby informing the exploration of new energy potentials.[155.1]Geochemical Modeling
Principles of Geochemical Modeling
Geochemical modeling is grounded in the principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics, which are essential for analyzing the chemical reactions that occur within geological systems. This practice employs mathematical expressions to represent chemical and transport processes, allowing for predictions that can be partially observed or experimentally verified.[163.1] A successful geochemical model must effectively portray the critical features of the system or process of interest, without the necessity of replicating every chemical or mineralogical detail.[164.1] The importance of time in geological processes is also a fundamental principle; many processes occur over time spans that exceed human observation capabilities. Models can extrapolate rates from short-term observations to predict geochemical behavior over geological timescales.[165.1] Additionally, geochemical reaction modeling is vital in various fields, including environmental geochemistry and petroleum geology, as it aids in understanding complex interactions within the Earth's crust and surface.[168.1] Recent advancements in computational power, data storage, and unprecedented accessibility to numerical simulation tools have significantly transformed the field of geochemical modeling. This transformation has been driven by a scientific need for models that effectively couple flow and transport with biogeochemical speciation and reactions.[176.1] As a result, the integration of predictive analytics, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, has become increasingly prevalent within the geochemical survey data pipeline, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of data analysis and interpretation.[176.1] The integration of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics into geochemical models is exemplified by software packages like EQ3/6, which model interactions between aqueous solutions, solids, and gases based on these principles.[178.1] Understanding geochemical thermodynamics is essential for modeling processes such as mineral stability and rock formation, which are crucial for fields like environmental science, mining, and planetary geology.[180.1] Redox processes play a significant role in various aquatic systems, particularly in sediments and groundwater, where the degradation of organic matter by biogeochemical processes substantially alters the hydrogeochemical conditions in the porewater.[181.1] An understanding of biogeochemical redox processes is crucial for predicting and protecting environmental health, as these reactions are directly related to life and element cycling on Earth.[183.1] However, many redox reactions are slow, and traditional geochemical equilibrium models often fail to accurately represent redox conditions in real aquifer systems, highlighting the need for kinetic reactive-transport models.[181.1] Thus, a comprehensive understanding of redox processes is vital for developing effective remediation strategies and enhancing our ability to predict pollutant behavior in diverse environmental contexts.[183.1]Case Studies in Environmental Applications
Case studies play a crucial role in the practical application of geochemical modeling, particularly in environmental contexts. One notable example is the Pebble case study, which serves as an educational tool to teach various topics, including ore deposits, mining, environmental geology, and geochemistry. This case study illustrates how real-world scenarios can be integrated into the classroom to enhance student understanding and engagement with complex concepts.[197.1] Incorporating case studies into geochemical modeling education promotes active learning by providing students with real-world contexts that stimulate interest and facilitate the translation of theoretical knowledge into practical applications. Numerous authors have highlighted the effectiveness of case studies in science and engineering education, emphasizing their role in helping students connect academic concepts with real-life situations.[198.1] Moreover, case studies can be structured to encourage collaboration among students, allowing them to work together to solve problems and present their findings. For instance, students may collaborate on a case study project, culminating in a presentation or a detailed essay that reflects their collective learning and insights. This approach not only reinforces the relevance of the material but also fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills.[199.1]In this section:
Chemical ThermodynamicsEnvironmental GeochemistryAccessibilityNumerical SimulationSpeciation
Instrumentation And Techniques
Analytical Instruments Used in Geochemistry
Geochemistry relies on a variety of analytical instruments to analyze a wide range of terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials. The most important analytical techniques currently employed by geochemists include Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), Mass Spectrometry with Isotope Dilution (MSID), and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRFS), along with the electron microscope for in situ mineral analysis.[209.1] Recent advancements in analytical instrumentation have significantly enhanced the accuracy and sensitivity of elemental and isotopic abundance determinations across various geological materials, achieving detection limits from percent levels down to picogram per gram levels.[203.1] Notably, Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been a pivotal development in geochemical laboratories, allowing for precise and accurate measurements of trace elements and isotopes in rocks, minerals, ores, soils, sediments, and natural water samples.[207.1] The differences in analytical techniques also extend to their operational methodologies. For instance, AAS operates sequentially, analyzing one element at a time, while ICP techniques can measure multiple elements simultaneously, which enhances throughput and efficiency in geochemical analyses.[213.1] This capability is particularly beneficial in environmental monitoring and geological exploration, where the detection of multiple pathfinder elements is crucial.[211.1] In the context of extraterrestrial materials, the challenges of analyzing nanoscale minerals—characterized by their small particle sizes and high surface energy—require advanced techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which can provide insights at the nano and atomic scales.[206.1] The complexity of interpreting data from extraterrestrial samples further necessitates the use of high-resolution instruments and methodologies to ensure accurate results.[208.1]Innovations in Geochemical Analysis
Recent advancements in geochemical analysis have significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of data collection, thereby improving our understanding of geological processes. One notable development is the introduction of field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site technologies, which provide instant responses and flexibility for exploration tasks. These technologies allow for relevant data acquisition within minutes, facilitating safer field decisions and optimizing resource allocation in sampling and drilling operations.[226.1] Additionally, the integration of advanced analytical instrumentation has led to remarkable improvements in the determination of elemental and isotopic abundances across various geological materials. Recent innovations in mass spectroscopy techniques have enabled precise measurements of both light stable isotopes, such as carbon and oxygen, and inorganic stable isotopes, including calcium and magnesium.[227.1] Furthermore, the application of AI in mineral exploration has revolutionized data analysis by recognizing complex nonlinear patterns, thereby enhancing predictive accuracy and facilitating knowledge transfer from accumulated prior knowledge.[221.1] In the realm of planetary exploration, innovative instrumentation techniques are being developed to conduct in situ geochemical analysis on celestial bodies. For instance, the MAss SPectrometer for Planetary EXploration/Europa (MASPEX), set to be launched aboard the Europa Clipper Spacecraft, boasts improved robustness and resolution compared to previous mass spectrometry instruments.[229.1] Additionally, new technologies utilizing pulsed neutron generators for detailed bulk geochemical analysis of planetary surfaces are being explored, which measure neutron and gamma-ray emissions to provide valuable insights into the composition of extraterrestrial materials.[230.1]In this section:
Challenges And Future Directions
Current Challenges in Geochemical Research
Current challenges in geochemical research are multifaceted, presenting significant obstacles to progress in the field. A primary issue is the exploration of mineral resources beneath young, exotic cover, which complicates discovery efforts and requires advancements in understanding metal mobility and mechanisms, rapid geochemical analyses, and laboratory-based innovations.[243.1] Additionally, the integration of geochemical data with environmental assessments is hindered by the complexities of nanoconfinement, where water's dielectric permittivity diverges from bulk conditions, affecting mineral solubility and fluid-rock interaction models.[259.1] Data management and interoperability present another critical challenge. The lack of standardized data reporting and underdeveloped metadata usage compromise the quality of published research and limit the utility of Information Technology (IT) in data analysis.[270.1] Despite efforts to make geochemical data more accessible, global data system interoperability remains inadequate.[271.1] Addressing these issues requires the geochemical community to adopt the FAIR principles—making data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable.[272.1] Although progress has been made in related fields, geochemistry is only beginning to tackle these challenges.[272.1] Misconceptions about metal mobility, particularly regarding metallic bonds and properties, further complicate the field. These misconceptions, prevalent in educational resources, hinder the understanding of metal mobility's impact on human health and the environment.[260.1] The mobility of trace metals like uranium, arsenic, lead, and chromium is influenced by geochemical and physical processes, including chemical transformations and water flow dynamics.[262.1] Addressing these misconceptions through targeted educational strategies is crucial for improving comprehension of metal mobility in geochemical contexts.[261.1]Future Trends in Geochemistry
Recent advancements in geochemistry are significantly shaping the future of the field, particularly through the integration of portable instruments and advanced data analysis techniques. The development of on-site or portable instruments has revolutionized mineral exploration by allowing for immediate data collection and analysis, which enhances decision-making processes in the field. By 2010, most geochemists had access to these field methods, which not only improved efficiency but also facilitated environmental investigations.[254.1] These portable analytical instruments provide accurate chemical and mineralogical information directly in the field, minimizing the need for sample preparation and enabling timely responses to exploration challenges.[255.1] The future of geochemistry is poised for remarkable advancements, particularly through the integration of modern data analysis techniques and remote sensing technologies. Recent developments indicate that these advancements have significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of geochemical services, reaching unprecedented heights.[266.1] The increasing complexity and rapid acquisition rates of geochemical data necessitate novel approaches to uncover the scientific narratives embedded within this data.[247.1] Machine learning methods are particularly instrumental in this context, as they can identify and describe hidden patterns within intricate geochemical and cosmochemical datasets, thereby improving our understanding of various processes.[247.1] Furthermore, the integration of geochemical data with remote sensing data, such as ASTER data, employs algorithms like linear regression and support vector regression, which have proven effective in fusing high-spatial-resolution remote sensing data with lower-resolution geochemical data for applications such as lithological identification and geochemical exploration.[264.1] This integration not only enhances exploration efficiency but also provides real-time feedback to exploration teams, thereby accelerating decision-making processes.[264.1] Overall, these advancements are expected to transform industry practices and educational approaches in geochemistry, reflecting the dynamic evolution of the field. As the demand for new mineral deposits grows, particularly in concealed terrains, the ability to detect and understand the underlying bedrock environments has become crucial.[256.1] This necessitates the development of new exploration paradigms and the targeting of new exploration spaces outside mature belts.[265.1] The deployment of AI in mineral exploration not only improves the accuracy of predictive results but also facilitates knowledge sharing and transfer, ensuring that insights are preserved for future reference.[265.1]References
[2] PDF — 1 Introduction Geochemistry, as the name suggests, is the bridge between geology and chemistry and, thus, in essence encompasses the study of all chemical aspects of the Earth and their interpretation utilizing the principles of chemistry.
[3] Geochemistry - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — Geochemistry is the discipline of the earth sciences that studies the processes that control the abundance, composition, and distribution of chemical elements, compounds and isotopes in natural environments. In this chapter, geochemical exploration methods refer to the use of chemical properties of naturally occurring substances (including rocks, glacial debris, soils, stream sediments, waters, vegetation, and air) to find economic deposits of metals, minerals, and hydrocarbons.1 Geochemical exploration methods are mainly based on observations of anomalous concentrations of major or trace elements that are derived from a core part of a mineral deposit itself or a wider halo surrounding the ore body (Rankama and Sahama, 1950; Horsnail, 2001).
[4] Introduction - Geochemistry - Cambridge University Press & Assessment — Summary. Geochemistry utilizes the principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms regulating the workings - past and present - of the major geological systems such as the Earth's mantle, its crust, its oceans, and its atmosphere. ... Geochemistry has been at the forefront of advances in a number of widely differing domains. It has made
[5] Engaging Engineering Students in Geoscience Through Case Studies and ... — The Pebble case study illustrates how real-world examples were used in the classroom (Tables I, weeks 7-12 and 13-16, and II). This case study could be used to teach a range of topics, in addition to ore deposits and mining, including environmental geology, geochemistry, and science policy.
[8] Connecting Learning to Real-World Contexts: Strategies for Teachers — Connecting Learning to Real-World Contexts: Strategies for Teachers Home Pedagogy Connecting Learning to Real-World Contexts: Strategies for Teachers Connecting Learning to Real-World Contexts: Strategies for Teachers Preparation for the Future: Real-world learning helps students understand how their education can be used in future careers and life situations. Project-based learning involves students working on a project over an extended period, which requires them to solve a real-world problem or answer a complex question. Assign homework that requires students to apply classroom learning to real-world situations. Connecting learning to real-world contexts can make education more meaningful, relevant, and engaging for students. Project-Based Learning is a student-centered pedagogy that involves a dynamic approach to teaching, where students explore real-world problems or challenges.
[9] Geochemical methods to infer landscape response to Quaternary climate ... — Geochemical and physical processes forming and modifying the landscape by weathering and erosion play an essential role in controlling ... Up to 65% of ice-free areas are predicted to be directly affected by climate change, which increases to 80% ... and terrestrial habitat change3.1. Element geochemistry as a proxy for erosion and weathering
[11] The Role of Climate, Mineralogy and Stable Aggregates for Soil Organic ... — 1 Introduction. Soil organic carbon (SOC) comprises the largest terrestrial carbon stock (Canadell, 2021).At regional to global scales, climate, land use and soil geochemistry have been identified as major controls on SOC dynamics since they can drive carbon input and stabilization as well as persistence in soil (Doetterl, Stevens, et al., 2015; Heckman et al., 2022; Rasmussen et al., 2018
[12] Geochemistry, spatial distribution and environmental risk assessment of ... — Based on geochemical and environmental parameters, an assessment of sediment contamination results revealed potential risks ranging from moderate to strong for the lake environment, particularly towards areas proximal to agricultural and land-use sites.
[17] What Is The Relationship Between Elements Minerals And Rocks — The formation of minerals is a complex process that involves the interaction of many different elements. Rocks are made up of a variety of minerals, and the elements that make up these minerals play a key role in the formation of rocks.
[18] 4.4: The Chemistry of Minerals - Geosciences LibreTexts — Minerals are formed by the chemical bonding that occurs between these elements. Most minerals are compounds containing multiple elements bonded together in a specific arrangement. Chemical bonding describes how these atoms attach with each other to form compounds, such as sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) combine to form the mineral halite with the
[34] History of Geochemistry - SpringerLink — The term "geochemistry" was coined in 1838 by the German-Swiss chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein , a professor of chemistry and physics at the University of Basel and better known as the discoverer of ozone, who wrote, "In a word, a comparative geochemistry ought to be launched… before the mystery of the genesis of our planets and their inorganic matter may be revealed" (Krough
[35] PDF — History of Geochemistry William M. White Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Definition Geochemistry grew out of the Renaissance arts of alchemy and metallurgy. Over much of that long past, geochemistry was intimately intertwined with chemistry itself, evolving
[43] Geochemical survey and metalworking: analysis of chemical residues ... — This correlation of geochemical analysis and metallurgy can be interpreted as a function of the direct relationship between human activity and geochemical deposition, i.e. if a copper alloy is being worked, geochemical deposition will be in specific trace elements such as Cu, and elements associated with Cu in the ore or alloy, e.g. Sn, Zn, etc
[46] Geochemical characteristics of mineral deposits: implications for ore ... — Studying the geochemical characteristics of mineral deposits is, therefore, important in: (a) understanding ore genesis (the usage of term 'ore' here does not necessarily mean a mineral deposit that can be exploited at an economic profit); (b) mineral deposit classification; (c) mineral exploration; (d) extractive metallurgy or mineral
[47] From geochemical prospecting to international geochemical mapping: a ... — Modern geochemistry was born in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, and the basic methodologies for regional mapping had been developed by the late 1960s, with important extensions being made in the 1980s. ... in the context of spatial scale and transition from a mineral exploration and resource assessment tool to an environmental mapping exercise
[49] The Alchemists' Quest: From Transmutation to Transformation — However, the legacy of alchemy is deeply embedded in the history of science; it laid the groundwork for the development of modern chemistry. The transition from alchemy to chemistry was not abrupt
[80] Applied Sciences | Special Issue : Recent Advances in Geochemistry - MDPI — This Special Issue is dedicated to facilitating academic exchanges of geochemistry through the presentation of recent advances and new applications in this field. This Special Issue will publish high-quality original research papers covering the following topics: Geochemical exploration and geochemical survey; Environmental geochemistry;
[81] New developments in field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site ... — Recent technological advances that have been applied to successful mineral exploration include on-site or portable instruments, on-site laboratory technologies, various core scanners, and technologies for fluid analysis. ... Smaller, better, more: Five decades of advances in geochemistry The Web of Geological Sciences: Advances, Impacts, and
[82] New Advances, Challenges, and Illustrations in Applied Geochemistry - MDPI — This Special Issue contains 12 scientific papers that reflect various advances, challenges, and illustrations in applied geochemistry. These articles cover to the following three broad fields: (i) geochemical exploration, including traditional and non-traditional exploration methods and determination methods for geochemical background values; (ii) environmental geochemistry, including risk
[83] Smaller, better, more: Five decades of advances in geochemistry — Many of the discoveries made in geochemistry over the last 50 years have been driven by technological advances that have allowed analysis of smaller samples, attainment of better instrumental precision and accuracy or computational capability, and automation that has provided many more data. These advances occurred during development of revolutionary concepts, such as plate tectonics, which
[85] New developments in field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site ... — Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 2019;; 20 (2): ... Recent technological advances that have been applied to successful mineral exploration include on-site or portable instruments, on-site laboratory technologies, various core scanners, and technologies for fluid analysis. ... but there are advances in such technologies as anodic
[86] Innovations Reshaping Ore Extraction Techniques - MiningWorld — Additionally, advancements in data analytics enable companies to optimize extraction strategies by analyzing geological data, predicting ore quality, and improving decision-making. Technologies like remote sensing and drones are being employed to monitor mineral resources and manage mining operations from a distance, which
[87] Advances in Geochemical Monitoring Technologies for CO2 ... - MDPI — Based on monitoring principles, geochemical monitoring techniques can be divided into direct and indirect types. Direct monitoring involves measuring changes in the chemical composition or concentration of water and gasses, directly reflecting changes in the underground environment, and the geochemical reactions and impacts during CO 2
[89] (PDF) New developments in field portable geochemical ... - ResearchGate — (PDF) New developments in field portable geochemical techniques and on-site technologies and their place in mineral exploration New developments in field portable geochemical techniques and on-site technologies and their place in mineral exploration Recent technological advances that have been applied to successful mineral exploration include on-site or portable instruments, on-site laboratory technologies, various core scanners, and technologies for fluid analysis. At mine and exploration sites, top-of-hole sensing technologies, such as Lab-at-Rig® and various core scanners (both spectral- and XRF-based) have become useful tools to analyse metres of core as it is being drilled. Mineral exploration, on-site analysis, portable, handheld, core scanners, pXRF, pXRD, pNIR-SWIR, This technology provides real-time or near real-time decision support for operational field decisions (exploration, mining, site remediation or waste management), provides a cost-saving alternative to ...
[91] Indicator Minerals, Pathfinder Elements, and Portable Analytical ... — Until recently, the classic approach to mineral exploration studies was to bring the field samples/drill cores collected during field studies to the laboratory, followed by laborious analysis procedures to generate the analytical data. This is very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult for exploring vast areas. However, rapid technological advances in field-portable analytical instruments
[95] A New Strategy to Fuse Remote Sensing Data and Geochemical Data with ... — The integration of remote sensing data and geochemical data based on the strategy proposed in the current research can reduce the difficulty of mineral exploration, resource and environmental survey and other related geological work without increasing the cost. ... the fusion of remote sensing and geochemistry based on machine learning has
[97] Fusion of Geochemical and Remote-Sensing Data for ... - Springer — Multisource geoscience data can provide significant information for mineral exploration in a variety of ways. For example, remote-sensing images record the spectral characteristics of objects, and geochemical data represent the enrichment or depletion of geochemical elements, which reflect the physical and chemical attributes of geological features. In this study, a hybrid model comprising
[98] Research on Scale Improvement of Geochemical Exploration Based on ... — Both remote sensing and geochemical exploration technologies are effective tools for detecting target objects. Although information on anomalous geochemical elemental abundances differs in terms of professional attributes from remote sensing data, both are based on geological bodies or phenomena on the Earth's surface. Therefore, exploring the use of remote sensing data with high spatial
[100] Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Health: Opportunities, Challenges, and ... — Currently, remote sensing of ecosystem health is only based on one ecosystem attribute: vigor, organization, or resilience. However, an effective ecosystem health assessment should be a comprehensive and dynamic measurement of the three attributes. ... Thus, a dynamic reference-cover method was proposed to separate grazing and rainfall effects
[106] Geochemistry - Latest research and news | Nature — Geochemistry - Latest research and news | Nature nature Soil-based carbon dioxide removal approaches that make use of primary and secondary minerals can create synergies between inorganic carbon, soil organic carbon, and stable biochar carbon formation. Surface water neodymium isotopes and rare earth element compositions reveal a marked impact from the January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption in the western South Pacific, with released trace metals potentially stimulating biological responses. Titanium concentrations in zircon crystals reveal a link between the world’s largest copper resources and magmas with very high-water contents. Compiling the most comprehensive global δ15N dataset, a new study shows the plant use of various available soil nitrogen forms (ammonium, nitrate, and organic nitrogen) is strongly controlled by temperature. Nature portfolio policies
[107] Geochemistry | Nature Climate Change — Climate change enhances root exudation of organic compounds into soils and can lead to loss of soil carbon. Research now shows that oxalic acid (a common exudate) releases organic compounds from
[125] PDF — The objective of this paper is to explore the influence of soil pH on nutrient availability and plant health, and to propose strategies for managing soil pH to optimize agricultural productivity. Soil pH influence on nutrient availability Soil pH affects the chemical forms and solubility of various
[127] 3. Processes | Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments ... — An important factor affecting bioavailability of contaminants is their interaction with solids in soils and sediments, as shown in the grey highlighted section of Figure 1-1 below. Such interactions are termed association (retention) and dissociation (release) in order to be inclusive of the multitude of mechanisms that may be operational.
[128] 6 Interactions of Soil Chemical Contaminants, Soil Health, and Human ... — Chemical remediation methods, such as adsorption and precipitation, aim to reduce bioavailability by binding contaminants to soil particles or transforming them into less mobile forms; these practices are commonly used for metals and inorganic contaminants (Scheckel et al. 2009). For metals (and some organic pollutants), immobilization is the
[134] PDF — discipline, terrestrial and aquatic subdisciplines have developed somewhat independently of each other. Phys-ical and biological differences between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems explain this history. In both aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemistry, key questions and con-cepts arise from a focus on nutrient limitation, ecosystem
[135] Merging aquatic and terrestrial perspectives of nutrient ... — In both aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemistry, key questions and concepts arise from a focus on nutrient limitation, ecosystem nutrient retention, and controls of nutrient transformations. Current understanding is captured in conceptual models for different ecosystem types, which share some features and diverge in other ways.
[137] Nutrient Cycling in Aquatic Ecosystems | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov — Nitrogen and phosphorus are plant essential nutrients that are currently in excess in many aquatic ecosystems due to runoff from urban and agricultural areas. In high amounts, these nutrients are detrimental to aquatic ecosystem health, because elevated nutrients promote excessive growth or "blooms" of algae and other nuisance species. Many species that cause blooms can produce toxins
[152] Organic Geochemistry - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — 7.09.11 Summary. Organic geochemistry has played a pivotal role in the continued development of oil and gas exploration and production. It has consistently made useful contributions, from the earliest days when the presence of blocks of asphalt floating in the Dead Sea was an indication of oil and gas in the area to the latest four-dimensional basin models for reservoir production modeling.
[154] Geochemistry of Fossil Fuels - Google Books — Understanding the origin and fate of hydrocarbons in the subsurface was the major endeavor of organic geochemists during the second half of the twentieth century. They succeeded to the point where the deciphered interplaying of elements and processes paved the way for the revolutionary concept of the petroleum system, a unifying paradigm that plays an important role in decision making
[155] (PDF) Geochemical applications in petroleum systems analysis: New ... — This paper provides an overview of the role that geochemistry plays in petroleum systems analysis, and how this can be used to derive constraints on the key elements and processes that give rise
[156] Organic geochemical applications to the exploration for source-rock ... — Furthermore, we consider the origin of petroleum, broadly considered, to be a settled issue: it is a product of thermal generation over geologic time from disseminated organic matter syndepositionally accumulated in sedimentary rocks (Tissot and Welte, 1984, Hunt, 1979).Therefore, while the reader is welcome to investigate proposed origins of gas and oil by catalysis at temperatures below
[160] Biogeochemical coupling of C/Fe in oil-polluted wetlands associated ... — The coastal wetland soil contains abundant hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, such as Alcanivorax sp., Marinobacter sp., Nocardia sp., which metabolize hydrocarbons as the only carbon source to
[161] HYDROCARBON ORIGINS AND OCCURRENCES - Texas A&M University — C 5 and heavier hydrocarbons (oil), predominantly liquid, are almost exclusively the product of thermal generation from hydrogen-rich organic matter in deeply buried sediments (oil of microbial origin is unknown). This generation occurs at rates that become quantitatively important only as temperatures reach 90°-150°C (typically at burial depths of 2500-5000 m for average geothermal gradients).
[163] Geochemical Modeling in Environmental and Geological Studies — Geochemical modeling uses a set of mathematical expressions thought to represent chemical and transport processes in a particular geological system. The predictions of the model are partially observable or experimentally verifiable. Geochemical modeling has found applications in studies of chemical reactions in geological and environmental systems because of its utilities for synthesis of data
[164] Modeling Overview | Geochemical Reaction Modeling: Concepts and ... — To be successful, a geochemical model should also portray the important features of the problem of interest without necessarily attempting to reproduce each chemical or mineralogical detail. The first and most critical step in developing a geochemical model is conceptualizing the system or process of interest in a useful manner.
[165] PDF — appreciated the importance of time in fashioning the Earth. Many geological processes require time spans that are far too long for human observation, but we can use models to extrapolate rates based on short-term observations to predict geochemistry in deep time. Equally important are models that forecast the future behavior of geochemical
[168] Geochemical Reaction Modeling: Concepts and Applications — Geochemical reaction modeling plays an increasingly vital role in several areas of geoscience, from environmental geochemistry and petroleum geology to the study of geothermal and hydrothermal fluids. This book provides an up-to-date overview of the use of numerical methods to model reaction processes in the Earth's crust and on its surface.
[176] Addressing Water and Energy Challenges with Reactive Transport Modeling — This scientific need for models that couple flow and transport with biogeochemical speciation and reactions co-occurred with advancements in computational power, data storage, and unprecedented accessibility to numerical simulation tools.
[178] Geochemical Databases and Modeling Codes | Glenn T. Seaborg Institute — EQ3/6 is a software package for modeling geochemical interactions between aqueous solutions, solids, and gases, following principles of chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. The software is useful for interpreting aqueous solution chemical compositions and for calculating the consequences of reactions of the solutions with minerals and
[180] Geochemical Thermodynamics: Examples & Notes | Vaia — Understanding geochemical thermodynamics enables scientists to model processes such as mineral stability and rock formation, crucial for fields like environmental science, mining, and planetary geology. Key concepts include the laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, and equilibrium constants, which collectively guide the behavior of
[181] Reactive transport modeling of redox geochemistry: Approaches to ... — Furthermore, many redox reactions are slow. Disequilibrium is desirable. Kinetic reactive-transport models that have some amongst redox-sensitive species precludes applicability of an equilibrium model. For these reasons, traditional geochemical equilibrium models are generally poor representations of re- dox conditions in real aquifer systems
[183] Biogeochemical Redox Processes and their Impact on Contaminant Dynamics — Life and element cycling on Earth is directly related to electron transfer (or redox) reactions. An understanding of biogeochemical redox processes is crucial for predicting and protecting environmental health and can provide new opportunities for engineered remediation strategies. Energy can be released and stored by means of redox reactions via the oxidation of labile organic carbon or
[197] Engaging Engineering Students in Geoscience Through Case Studies and ... — The Pebble case study illustrates how real-world examples were used in the classroom (Tables I, weeks 7-12 and 13-16, and II). This case study could be used to teach a range of topics, in addition to ore deposits and mining, including environmental geology, geochemistry, and science policy.
[198] PDF — contribution, case studies are viewed as a mechanism of active learning intended to illustrate concepts, provide real-world context, and stimulate student interest. In science and engineering, numerous authors have reported on the use of case studies in the classroom to help students translate knowledge from theory to practice (e.g.,
[199] Making Learning Relevant With Case Studies - Edutopia — A case study product can be something like several pieces of evidence of students collaborating to solve the case study, and ultimately presenting their solution with a detailed slide deck or an essay—you can scaffold this by providing specified headings for the sections of the essay.
[203] Current and emerging analytical techniques for geochemical and ... — Progress in both basic and applied geochemical studies highly depend on the progress of the analytical instrumentation in general. In recent times, there have been spectacular developments in different instrumental analytical techniques used for accurate determinations of elemental/isotopic abundances from per cent levels to pg/g levels in a variety of geological materials. Some of the
[206] Nanoscale Mineralogical Characterization of Terrestrial and ... — Nanoscale minerals (i.e., nanominerals and mineral nanoparticles) in terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials are difficult to characterize because of their small particle sizes, high surface energy, and/or poor crystallization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful analytical platform for the characterization of minerals at the nano and even atomic scales, and it can
[207] New Frontiers in Analytical Techniques — Opportunities and Challenges ... — Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS) instruments were introduced in geochemical and mineral exploration laboratories nearly four decades ago, providing a technique that could meet their longstanding requirement for the precise and accurate determination of several groups of trace elements and isotopes in geological materials such as rocks, minerals, ores, soils, sediments and natural water samples. In recent times, there have been spectacular developments in different instrumental analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES), microwave plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy (MP‐AES), x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), ICP‐time of flight mass spectrometry (ICP‐TOF‐MS), high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR‐ICP‐MS), multi‐collector‐ICP‐MS, (MC‐ICP‐MS), and sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP), which are used for accurate determinations of elemental/isotopic abundances in geological materials, for both basic and applied geochemical studies.
[208] Terrestrial Recovery of Extraterrestrial Materials - Bulletin of the ... — Terrestrial Recovery of Extraterrestrial Materials: Providing Continued, Long-Term Sample Analysis ... manipulate and analyze samples using state-of-the-art instruments with high precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and resolution; to analyze very small samples with high fidelity; to ... understanding of lunar geochemical evolution . Currently
[209] PDF — use by the geochemist today are AAS, ICP-OES, INAA, MSID and XRFS, and the electron microscope for in situ mineral analysis. Some applications of these techniques to solving major problems in geochemistry are discussed. The importance of certified reference materials and of high
[211] Advances in ICP-MS technology and the application of multi-element ... — Exploration geochemistry now had a broader selection of pathfinder elements at effective detection limits significantly lower than previously possible with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), neutron activation, or atomic absorption spectrometry (Longerich et al. 1990; Hall et al. 1995) with concomitant access to
[213] Prime Scientific - Comparison Between ICP and Atomic ... - ERPNext — The main difference between AAS and ICP is that AAS measures sequentially while ICP measures simultaneously. For each element you analyze in an AAS, the instrument runs the test separately and each hollow cathode lamp emits its light and the absorption is measured for a single element in each run.
[221] Artificial intelligence for mineral exploration: A review and ... — Owing to declining discovery rates, particularly for giant mineral deposits that capture most of the global metal endowment, it is paramount to intensify efforts to develop new exploration paradigms and target new exploration search spaces outside mature belts (Hronsky and Groves, 2008; Hronsky, 2009; Schodde, 2010; Christmann, 2021; Zhai et al., 2021). For accuracy-demanding mineral exploration tasks, the deployment of AI enables a comprehensive understanding of mineral exploration data patterns by learning complex nonlinear features, improving the accuracy of predictive results (LeCun et al., 2015). For mineral exploration tasks that require expert knowledge support, the application of AI allows the incorporation of accumulated prior knowledge to facilitate knowledge sharing and transfer, enabling insights to be preserved and made accessible for future reference (Hart et al., 1978; Ma, 2022).
[226] New developments in field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site ... — Field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site technologies now offer instant response and flexibility for most exploration tasks. By providing relevant data within minutes, they allow safer field decisions and focus on the most promising finds, while saving valuable resources in sampling grids or drilling.
[227] Developments in analytical techniques for chemostratigraphy ... — Recent advances in mass spectroscopy techniques for isotope and isotope ratio determinations The past five decades have witnessed highly significant advancements in the analytical instrumentation for the determination of both light stable isotopes such as carbon and oxygen as well as inorganic stable isotopes such as calcium, magnesium, and
[229] Instrumentation for Planetary Exploration | SpringerLink — The MAss SPectrometer for Planetary EXploration/Europa (MASPEX), which will be onboard the Europa Clipper Spacecraft (tentative launch in 2024), is a next-generation spectrometer with significantly improved robustness and resolution (25,000 m/Δm at 10% peak height) compared to previously flown MS instrumentation (Brockwell et al. 2016).
[230] Active Neutron and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for In Situ Planetary ... — We describe the development of an instrument capable of detailed in situ bulk geochemical analysis of the surface of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. This instrument technology uses a pulsed neutron generator to excite the solid materials of a planet and measures the resulting neutron and gamma-ray emission with its detector system. These time-resolved neutron and gamma-ray data provide
[243] Advances in exploration geochemistry, 2007 to 2017 and beyond — Mineral exploration under relatively young, exotic cover still presents a major challenge to discovery. Advances and future developments can be categorized in four key areas, (1) understanding metal mobility and mechanisms, (2) rapid geochemical analyses, (3) data access, integration and interoperability and (4) innovation in laboratory-based methods.
[247] A review of machine learning in geochemistry and cosmochemistry: Method ... — The massive amount of existing data, the increasing complexity, and the rapid acquisition rates require novel approaches to efficiently discover scientific stories embedded in the data related to geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Machine learning methods can discover and describe the hidden patterns in intricate geochemical and cosmochemical big
[254] New developments in field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site ... — Field-portable geochemical techniques and on-site technologies now offer instant response and flexibility for most exploration tasks. By providing relevant data within minutes, they allow safer field decisions and focus on the most promising finds, while saving valuable resources in sampling grids or drilling.
[255] Portable Analytical Instruments in Mineral Exploration Studies — These portable analytical instruments are currently helping to obtain accurate chemical and mineralogical information directly in the field with minimal or no sample preparation and providing decision-making support during fieldwork, as well as during drilling operations in several successful mineral exploration programs.
[256] Application of Next Generation Technology in Undercover Exploration — Yet to be discovered mineral deposits are becoming more likely to occur in concealed terrains and the ability to see through cover to detect and understand the nature of the underlying bedrock ore environment has become a fundamental aspect of modern mineral exploration and ore deposit science (Winterburn et al 2020), with an increasing appetite for collecting and integration of mineralogical
[259] Geochemistry of lithospheric aqueous fluids modified by nanoconfinement — Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that water’s dielectric permittivity—a fundamental property that governs its geochemical behaviour—diverges in nanoconfinement from its bulk counterpart under conditions ranging from ambient to extremes of 700 °C and 5 GPa. Our geochemical simulations suggest that changes in water permittivity due to confinement will decrease mineral solubility, a process that is not currently considered in models of fluid–rock interactions. c,d, The perpendicular permittivity of water in 3 nm and 10 nm brucite pores from our molecular dynamics simulations compared with bulk water behaviour calculated by the DEW model at elevated temperatures (at constant P = 1 GPa) (c) and pressures (at constant T = 500 °C) (d).
[260] Misconceptions about Metals | Journal of Chemical Education — There are widespread misconceptions about the metallic bond and properties of metals in text-books and online resources in chemical education. This is surprising in view of the evident importance of metals and alloys in the modern World. Contrary to what is widely stated in the chemistry literature, Encyclopedia Britannica online, Wikipedia, ChatGPT, Google Bard and a recently published
[261] Techniques for Assessing Metal Mobility in the Environment: A ... — Understanding metal mobility is very important for understanding the fate, transport, and toxicity of metals that negatively impact health of humans and other living organisms. ... Specifically, the chapter discusses a step-by-step approach to assess the geochemistry of a site, using relevant examples from mining legacy. ... the rest of the
[262] Techniques for Assessing Metal Mobility in the Environment: A ... — The mobility of trace metals such as U, As, Pb and Cr in the environment is affected by a variety of geochemical and physical processes. Geochemical processes are based on chemical transformation of metal species, whereas physical processes depend on advection, dispersion, and diffusion, which are properties of water flowrate, metal particle
[264] The Future of Mineral Exploration: Embracing Artificial Intelligence — This reduces exploration costs and increases the chances of discovery. Drill Core Analysis: AI-powered image recognition systems analyse drill core samples, identifying mineralisation and structure patterns, providing real-time feedback to exploration teams. This accelerates the decision-making process and improves exploration efficiency.
[265] Artificial intelligence for mineral exploration: A review and ... — Owing to declining discovery rates, particularly for giant mineral deposits that capture most of the global metal endowment, it is paramount to intensify efforts to develop new exploration paradigms and target new exploration search spaces outside mature belts (Hronsky and Groves, 2008; Hronsky, 2009; Schodde, 2010; Christmann, 2021; Zhai et al., 2021). For accuracy-demanding mineral exploration tasks, the deployment of AI enables a comprehensive understanding of mineral exploration data patterns by learning complex nonlinear features, improving the accuracy of predictive results (LeCun et al., 2015). For mineral exploration tasks that require expert knowledge support, the application of AI allows the incorporation of accumulated prior knowledge to facilitate knowledge sharing and transfer, enabling insights to be preserved and made accessible for future reference (Hart et al., 1978; Ma, 2022).
[266] Transforming Geochemical Services through Data Analysis — In the ever-evolving realm of geochemistry, advancements in data analysis have catapulted the accuracy and efficiency of geochemical services to unprecedented heights. The integration of modern
[270] (PDF) Improving the Interoperability of Established Geochemical ... — Many disciplines of geochemistry have no data reporting standards, and their use of metadata is inadequately developed. This presents problems to the quality of the published science, and it limits the utility of computers in data analysis and the exploitation of Information Technology (IT).
[271] OneGeochemistry; Paving the way to true Interoperability in ... — Whilst these projects have made geochemical data easily findable and accessible, interoperability to other global data systems is still lacking. To make these data truly FAIR, a minimum set of standards and best-practices for data publication need to be agreed on by the global geochemical community.
[272] Innovating and Networking Global Geochemical Data Resources Through ... — These challenges are also known as making data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable for both machines and humans, in other words: FAIR (Wilkinson et al. 2016). While this has been partly achieved in related domains, geochemistry is just getting started.