• Lightning-driven transients and surge phenomena spurred measurement, analysis, and protection strategies for power transmission, including surge measurements on lines, lightning investigations, traveling-wave protection, and protective devices like circuit breakers [3], [5], [7], [8], [9], [16], [19].

• Theoretical modeling of rotating electrical machinery and drives advanced through generalized two-reaction theory, torque–angle characteristics under transient conditions, reactance analyses, and motor-drive concepts (capacitor motors and self-starting synchronous motors) [2], [4], [6], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14].

• Mathematical methods for rotating electrical machinery emerged via tensor analysis and fundamental reactance approaches, enabling compact, generalizable models for machines and drives [6], [14].

• Structural stability and vibration issues dominated mechanical and civil engineering, with work on buckling of thin-walled construction, buckling loads of rectangular plates, and general vibration problems shaping safe, efficient design [1], [17], [20].