• Monetary theory and price formation in late 19th-century economics: an integration of money origin, monetary policy, and market prices, highlighting how monetary phenomena shape general price levels and speculative finance [4], [11], [16], [18].

• Distribution, production, and tax regimes: the coordination of distribution laws, production/distribution theories, and taxation/policy measures as drivers of welfare and inequality [3], [6], [7], [8], [20].

• Historical development of economic thought and policy: tracing how theories of production, distribution, and monetary questions evolved across centuries, with course offerings reflecting policy orientation [4], [7], [13], [15].

• Mathematical and quantitative approaches: adoption of mathematical principles in wealth theory, with Cournotian reasoning and formalization of value and distribution [9], [17], [19].

• Social and labor dimensions of economic analysis: wage history, gender, labor, and industry growth as policy-relevant concerns, showing early feminist economics and labor history [2], [14], [15].