23:T53c,Temperature has a large impact on plant immune responses. Earlier studies identified intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes and salicylic acid (SA) as targets of high-temperature inhibition of plant immunity. Here, we report that moderately low temperature enhances immunity to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This enhancement is dependent on SA signaling and is accompanied by up-regulation of multiple SA biosynthesis and signaling genes at lower temperature. SA signaling is repressed by jasmonic acid and ethylene at both normal and low temperatures. The inhibition of SA biosynthesis by ethylene, while mainly through ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1/SALICYLIC ACID-INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 (ICS1/SID2) at normal temperature, is through ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY5 (EDS5)/SID1, ICS2, and ICS1/SID2 at lower temperature. The repression by ethylene is mediated by a direct regulation of the ethylene response transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) on multiple SA biosynthesis and signaling genes. Thus, low temperature enhances the SA pathway to promote immunity and at the same time uses ethylene to repress multiple SA regulators to achieve fine-tuned immune responses.24:T502,Plant cells have multiple plasma membrane (PM)-localized calcium ATPases (ACAs) pumping calcium ions out of the cytosol. Although the involvement of some of these ACAs in plant growth and immunity has been reported, their individual and combined functions have not been fully examined. Here, we analysed the effects of single and combined mutations of four ACA genes, ACA8, ACA10, ACA12, and ACA13, in a number of processes. We found that these four genes had both overlapping and differential involvements in vegetative growth, inflorescence growth, seeds setting, disease resistance and stomatal movement. Disruption of any of these four genes reduces seed setting, indicating their contribution to the overall fitness of the plants. While ACA10 and ACA8 play major roles in vegetative growth and immunity, ACA13 and ACA12 are also involved in these processes especially when the function of ACA10 and/or ACA8 is compromised. The loss of ACA13 and ACA10 function in combination with a reduction in function of ACA8 leads to seedling death at bolting, revealing the essential role of their collective function in plant growth. Taken together, this study indicates a highly tuned calcium system involving these PM-localized calcium pumps in plant growth and environmental responses.25:T558,

#	Concept	H-Index	Publications	Citations
1	Medicine	3	3	141
2	Engineering	1	1	19
3	Natural Sciences	1	1	48
4	Biochemistry	1	1	48
5	Biology	1	1	48

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