Evidence before this study: We searched PubMed for combinations of the terms "antimalarial resistance", "malaria", " Plasmodium ", "Africa", "ex vivo", "pfmdr1", "pfcrt", "kelch", or "K13" and identified papers published between Jan 1, 2020, and Dec 30, 2024 on antimalarial drug sensitivity and resistance in Africa. A prior identical search was conducted for papers published from Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2020 in preparation for an earlier publication. We reviewed and included any relevant articles cited in those references. Our search identified many studies on antimalarial drugs and molecular markers of resistance, but few combining ex vivo drug susceptibility with genotyping results. Added value of this study: This study provides a comprehensive assessment of ex vivo susceptibility of Ugandan Plasmodium falciparum parasites to nine antimalarial drugs from July, 2019 to June, 2024. It also characterized genotype-phenotype associations based on these ex vivo data and sequencing of 80 genes identified as potential resistance mediators. Our findings add value to the existing literature by providing comprehensive data on antimalarial drug susceptibility in Uganda, including ex vivo drug susceptibilities for >1100 isolates from two regions of the country, description of changes in drug susceptibilities over time, and characterisation of genotype-phenotype associations, considering genetic polymorphisms previously associated with resistance to various antimalarials and potential novel resistance mediators. Implication of all the available evidence: Malaria parasites circulating in eastern and northern Uganda over the past five years were mostly sensitive to commonly used antimalarial drugs. However, parasite genotypes and phenotypes have changed over time. Most importantly, susceptibilities to dihydroartemisinin and lumefantrine, the components of the first-line antimalarial therapy in Uganda, have decreased over time, although the magnitudes of these decreases are modest, and the clinical implications of the results are uncertain. Continued performance of parasitological and genomic surveillance for evidence of antimalarial drug resistance and institution of policy changes to limit resistance selection and treatment failure should be high priorities.

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