Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. "Star Wars: The Force Unleashed Trailer," YouTube, 13 July 2007, . Accessed 17 April 2008. 2. Gonzalo Frasca, "Ludologists Love Stories, Too: Notes From a Debate That Never Took Place" (paper presented at the Digital Games Research Conference, 2003), . Accessed 4 December 2007. 3. My argument is not intended to apply to digital versions of traditional games like chess or Pictionary; instead, for the purpose of this study, the term "videogame" should be taken to mean core, 3D computer and video games. 4. Gonzalo Frasca, "Ludology Meets Narratology: Similitude and Differences Between (Video)Games and Narrative," Parnasso 3 (1999): 365–371, . Accessed 30 November 2007. 5. Frasca, "Ludology Meets Narratology." 6. Gonzalo Frasca, "Simulation Vs. Narrative: Introduction to Ludology," in The Video Game Theory Reader, ed. Mark J.P. Wolf and Bernard Perron (New York: Routledge, 2003), 221–237. 7. Ibid. 8. Jan Simons, "Narrative, Games, and Theory," Games Studies 7 (2006), . Accessed 2 December 2007. 9. Internet Gaming News (IGN) Editorial Offices, "IGN's Top 100 Games of All-Time," IGN.com, . Accessed 8 December 2007. 10. George P. Landow, Hypertext (2.0): The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1997). 11. Lev Manvoich, review of Pause & Effect: the Art of Interactive Narrative, by Mark Meadows (Berkeley: New Riders, 2003), back cover. 12. Gunnar Liestol, "Wittgenstein, Genette, and the Reader's Narrative in Hypertext," Hyper/ Text/Theory, ed. George P. Landow (John Hopkins UP, 1994), 87–118. 13. Frasca, "Ludology Meets Narratology." 14. Roland Barthes, "The Death of the Author," in Image-Music-Text (New York: Hill & Wang, 1977), 142–149. 15. Frasca, "Simulation Vs. Narrative." 16. Frasca, "Simulation Vs. Narrative." 17. Frasca, "Simulation Vs. Narrative." 18. Marie-Laure Ryan, "Beyond Myth and Metaphor—the Case of Narrative in Digital Media," Games Studies 1 (2001), . Accessed 15 November 2007. 19. This may explain the overwhelming popularity of "sand-box" games like the Grand Theft Auto series, which definitely try to give the player as much (imagined) freedom as possible. 20. Mindy McAdams and Stephanie Burger, "Hypertext," Journal of Electronic Publishing (2001). 21. Jesper Juul, "Games Telling Stories?—a Brief Note on Games and Narratives," Games Studies 1 (2001), . Accessed 27 November 2007. 22. Ibid. 23. James Newman, "The Myth of the Ergodic Videogame," Games Studies 2 (2002), . Accessed 28 November 2007. 24. Juul, "Games Telling Stories?" 25. Ibid. 26. Frasca, "Simulation Vs. Narrative." 27. Janet Murray, Hamlet on the Holodeck : The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace (New York: MIT Press, 1998). 28. Ryan, "Beyond Myth and Metaphor," and Mark Finn, "Computer Games and Narrative Progression," M/C: a Journal of Media and Culture 3.5 (2000), . Accessed 22 November 2007. 29. Commercials for "Chopper Command," "Pitfall," and "Who Destroys the Gond," among many others, available at The Old Computer, . Accessed 2 April 2008. 30. "Atari 7800 'More Games'," originally aired 1986, available at The Old Computer, . Accessed 2 April 2008. 31. Ryan, "Beyond Myth and Metaphor." 32. Tor Thorsen, "Halo 3's First-Day US Haul = $170M," Gamespot 26 September 2007, . Accessed 22 April 2008. 33. Mark Androvich, "Film Execs Blame Halo 3 for Poor Earnings," Gamesindustry.Biz, 17 October 2007, . Accessed 17 April 2008. 34. William Boddy, "The Studios Move Into Prime Time: Hollywood and the Television Industry in the 1950s," Cinema Journal 24.4 (Summer 1985), 23–37. 35. "Super Mario Bros.," Box Office Mojo, data at . Accessed 12 April 2008. 36. "Mortal Kombat," Box Office Mojo, data at . Accessed 17 April 2008. 37. Levi Buchanan, "Top 10 Videogame Turkeys," IGN.com, 26 November 2008, . Accessed 27 November 2008. 38. Danny Gallagher, "The 10 Worst Movie Video Games in History," Film School Rejects, 15 June 2007, . Accessed 13 April 2008. 39. Shawn Struck and Scott Sharkey, "Inside the NES' Worlds of Power Series," 1up.Com, 3 August 2006, . Accessed 21 April 2008. 40. Chana Joffe-Walt, "Best-Selling Book Shows 'Halo' Game's Wide Appeal," NPR Online, . Accessed 26 April 2008. 41. "What is Video Games Live?," Video Games Live, . Accessed 4 May 2008. 42. Mike Shields, "In-Game Ads Could Reach $2 Bil," in Adweek, 12 April 2006, . Accessed 28 April 2008. 43. David Jenkins, "Nielsen Announces GamePlay Metrics," Gamasutra, 18 October 2006, . Accessed 6 May 2008. 44. An intentional allusion to the cry "Long live the new flesh!" by the character Max Renn in David Cronenberg's Videodrome (1983).

Scott Brendan Cassidy

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