21:I[432972,["/_next/static/chunks/bb923814e1f4d2e9.js","/_next/static/chunks/dd3ee9f5b7716ca6.js","/_next/static/chunks/4204a0ae82542ca8.js","/_next/static/chunks/1270dead247da766.js","/_next/static/chunks/6e1aa89a642f40be.js","/_next/static/chunks/2d7aa753e81324a8.js","/_next/static/chunks/8ffd0b71567920d8.js","/_next/static/chunks/67ea6dfd21f16c5f.js","/_next/static/chunks/24eb4379f68013fd.js","/_next/static/chunks/b8cd775ffdf935bd.js","/_next/static/chunks/983103cd9eb7b428.js","/_next/static/chunks/263f2cdcb9aa2341.js","/_next/static/chunks/294b9525248c8e5f.js"],"default"] 22:T4af,Excessive discharge of nitrate pollutants has caused an imbalance in the nitrogen cycle, which has threatened human health and ecosystems. Clean electrocatalytic nitrate reduction technology can convert nitrate into high value-added ammonia to control water pollution, truly realizing “turning waste into treasure”. This review highlights the latest mechanisms proposed by combining in situ characterization and discusses the various intermediates produced during the reaction process and the key steps that determine the reaction rate. Meanwhile, four common catalyst synthesis strategies are systematically summarized. These strategies have exhibited preeminent results in terms of conductivity and active sites and inhibition of side effects. Finally, the challenges and difficulty of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction into ammonia (NRA) in the process of development and the main development direction in the future are discussed. The engineering strategies for increasing the electrocatalytic stability and performance are also discussed. This review aims to provide guidance for efficient electrocatalytic nitrate conversion and promotes the advancement of sustainable nitrogen chemistry.23:T4f9,Defect engineering is one of the effective strategies to regulate and control catalyst properties. Constructing appropriate catalytically active centers effectively tunes the electronic and surface properties of the catalyst to achieve further enrichment of photogenerated electrons, enhances the electronic feedback of the catalytically active center to the anti-bonding orbitals of the nitrogen molecule, and enhances N₂ adsorption while weakening the NN bond. In this study, titanium vacancy (V_Ti)-rich undoped anatase p-TiO₂ was successfully synthesized to investigate the effect of its metal vacancies on photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) performance. The cation vacancies of V_Ti-rich p-TiO₂ lead to local charge defects that enhance carrier separation and transport while trapping electrons to activate N₂, allowing effective reduction of the excited electrons to NH₃. This work provides a viable strategy for driving the efficiency of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation processes by altering the structural properties of semiconductors through cationic vacancies, offering new opportunities and challenges for the design and preparation of titanium dioxide-based materials.24:T65e,

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1	Engineering	7	7	278
2	Chemistry	6	6	243
3	Chemical Engineering	4	4	191
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5	Applied Physics	1	1	17

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