22:T542,Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed packets released from cells that can transfer bioactive molecules from cell to cell without direct contact with the target cells. This transfer of molecules can activate consequential processes in the recipient cells, including cell differentiation and migration that maintain tissue homeostasis or promote tissue pathology. One controversial aspect of the EV's biology that holds therapeutic promise is their capacity to engage defined cells at specific sites. On the one hand, persuasive studies have shown that EVs express surface molecules that ensure their tissue localization and enable cell-specific interactions, as demonstrated using in vitro and in vivo analyses. Therefore, this feature of EV biology is under investigation in translational studies to control malignancies and deliver chemicals and bioactive molecules to combat several diseases. On the other hand, some studies have shown that EVs fail to traffic in hosts in a targeted manner, which questions the potential role of EVs as vehicles for drug delivery and their capacity to serve as cell-free biomodulators. In this review, the biology of EV homing/tropism in mammalian hosts is discussed, and the biological characteristics that may result in their controversial characteristics are brought to the fore.23:T545,The World Health Organization (WHO) “Global Tuberculosis Report 2024” underscores the ongoing challenges and progress in the global fight against tuberculosis (TB). Despite a slowdown in the annual increase in TB cases and a decline in TB-related deaths, the disease remains a significant public health threat with 10.8 million new cases reported in 2023. The report reveals a persistently high burden of TB, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and highlights the escalating issue of drug-resistant TB. The report also emphasizes the critical need for increased funding, improved diagnostics, and more effective TB treatment regimens. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB control has been substantial, disrupting healthcare services and exacerbating existing challenges. This paper provides an in-depth interpretation of the report, analyzes global TB trends, updates the status of drug-resistant TB, discusses the intersection between TB and HIV, and summarizes the implications of the pandemic on TB control efforts. The report concludes with a call for intensified global action, including increased investment in research and innovation, to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals related to TB control. The stakes are high, but with concerted efforts, the goal of ending the TB epidemic is within reach.24:T40a,Since its first identification in 1894 during the third pandemic in Hong Kong, there has been significant progress of understanding the lifestyle of Yersinia pestis, the pathogen that is responsible for plague. Although we now have some understanding of the pathogen's physiology, genetics, genomics, evolution, gene regulation, pathogenesis and immunity, there are many unknown aspects of the pathogen and its disease development. Here, we focus on some of the knowns and unknowns relating to Y. pestis and plague. We notably focus on some key Y. pestis physiological and virulence traits that are important for its mammal-flea-mammal life cycle but also its emergence from the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Some aspects of the genetic diversity of Y. pestis, the distribution and ecology of plague as well as the medical countermeasures to protect our population are also provided. Lastly, we present some biosafety and biosecurity information related to Y. pestis and plague.25:T4e5,Tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and can infect humans, livestock, and wildlife. It spreads primarily through the respiratory tract and was the leading cause of death due to a single infectious disease before the COVID-19 pandemic. TB is a global public health emergency that has

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1	Medicine	13	15	424
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3	Biology	2	2	61
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5	Health Sciences	1	1	13

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