23:T412,Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution (200 ppm, pH 6) was prepared and evaluated for their stabilities and microbicidal activities. We demonstrated that HOCl is unstable against ultraviolet (UV) light, sunshine, contact with air, and elevated temperature (≧25℃). Furthermore, in the HOCl solution, the presence of excess NH₂- or CHO-containing organic compounds such as proteins and carbohydrates, or of inorganic ions such as NO₂^-, SO₃^-, PO₃^-, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, and CuS, resulted in the rapid consumption of HOCl by oxidation reactions, and significantly decreased the microbicidal activity of the HOCl solution against coliform bacteria and total viable cell count. Thus, production of stable HOCl solution requires formulation in pure water harboring concentrations as low as possible of various compounds and ions, as well as storage in dark and cool conditions (<10℃) to maintain the concentration of HOCl molecules and microbicidal activity.24:T551,The antibacterial activity of a disinfectant with geminated twin long-chain alkyl groups, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of DDAC against Eschrichia coil was revealed to be a small value, 1.3 mg/L, by using the specific growth rates, mu, obtained from the cultivation in a liquid nutrient broth (NB) medium. The relationship between the leakage of proteins or beta-galactosidase and the DDAC concentration showed that the leakage of intracellular macromolecules occurs at around 3 - 4 mg/L DDAC. Furthermore, the effect of DDAC on the enhancement of membrane fluidity was examined by using liposomes labeled with a fluorescent probe. It was shown that the phase transition occurs at around 3 mg/L DDAC. The bleb formation of E. coli cells in the presence of DDAC was also examined by use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, bleb formation was not observed at around 3 mg/L DDAC but at concentrations higher than 50 mg/L. These results suggested that the action of DDAC toward the cell membrane causes the leakage of the intracellular molecules and the subsequent death of the cells. Thus the bleb formation seemed to be a result of the action of the DDAC toward the cell membrane but not to be a reason for the death of the cells.25:T4ec,The antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates （ITCs） extracted from horseradish root was investigated against oral microorganisms: 6 strains of facultative anaerobic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; one strain of yeast, Candida albicans, and 3 strains of anaerobic bacteria, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella nigrescens, and Clostridium perfringens. The ITCs extracted from horseradish root showed antimicrobial activity against all oral microorganisms by the paper disk method. The minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） of the ITCs extracted from horseradish root ranged from 1.25 to 5.00 mg/ml against 6 strains of facultative anaerobic bacteria and one strain of yeast, and 4.17 to 16.67 mg/ml against 3 strains of anaerobic bacteria. The ITCs extracted from horseradish root showed the strongest antimicrobial activity, with a MBC of 1.25 mg/ml, against C. albicans among facultative microorganisms, and 4.17 mg/ml against F. nucleatum among anaerobic bacteria. These results suggest that the ITCs extracted from horseradish root may be a candidate for use as an antimicrobial agent against oral microorganisms.26:T43c,Scallop shells are used to make food additives and plastering and paving materials. However, most of the shell is considered commercial waste. In scallop-harvesting districts, large numbers of shells are heaped near the seaside, which creates problems such as offensive odors and soil pollution from heavy metals that leach out of the viscera. Therefore, new applications for scallop shells need to be

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