American Journal of Veterinary Research · 1999 · 134 citations · 14 references
Butorphanol had an analgesic effect, significantly increasing the threshold to electrical stimuli in African grey parrots. Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus. Butorphanol provided an analgesic response in half of the birds tested. Butorphanol would be expected to provide analgesia to African grey parrots in a clinical setting.
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The validity of experimental pain measures
Georgina Harris, Gary B. Rollman · Pain · 1983 · 98 citations
Effects of Morphine-like Drugs in Chicks
C Schneider · Nature · 1961 · 56 citations
Analgesic therapy of beak‐trimmed chickens
PC Glatz, L. S. Murphy, AP RESTON · Australian Veterinary Journal · 1992 · 52 citations