Fossil Flora of the Michigan Coal Basin

Abstract

Normal and activated Ras proteins are known to act as signal transducers, mediating mitogenic responses. Interactions of p21ras and protein kinase C (PKC) are required in a number of mitogenic or activation signaling pathways. The constitutive expression of activated v-Haras in Jurkat cells, a human T lymphoblastoid cell line, renders the cells susceptible to apoptosis during transient down-regulation or inhibition of PKC. Similarly, the expression of v-Ki-ras in murine fibroblasts induces apoptosis during suppression of PKC activity. This Ras-specific cell death is dependent upon suppression of cellular PKC activity, and can be blocked by the survival-promoting bcl-2 gene product. In vivo phosphorylation studies indicate that Bcl-2 is a phosphoprotein, and the phosphorylation state of Bcl-2 is modulated in the setting of activated p21Ha-ras in response to inhibition of PKC. These findings suggest an interactive regulation of growth or apoptosis in cells which involves at least three molecules: p21ras, PKC and Bcl-2.