Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2026 · 12 citations · 0 references
MedicineBiophysicsCardiologyBioenergeticsCell BiophysicsElectrophysiologyCardiac Action PotentialsCardiac Conduction SystemCardiac PhysiologyCardiovascular BiomechanicsElectrophysiological ModelingBeat-to-beat Cardiac DynamicsCardiac BioenergeticsCardiac Cycle ModelingCardiac OscillationsCardiac PacemakingCurrent DensityPacemaker CellsSpiral Waves
Wave propagation, biogenic electrical generation, and cardiac mechanical motion form a single self-reinforcing closed-loop engine under V=N/D. Density wave drives spiral motion; motion compresses electrocyte layer generating ionic current; current maintains density gradient; gradient regenerates wave. The fuel is the body's ionic gradient — life itself. Death is the irreversible exhaustion of this fuel. This paper unifies the four prior cardiac series papers into a single architectural statement: the heart is a V=N/D engine in which wave, electricity, and motion are one phenomenon viewed from three angles.