Dynamics of stress: Physiological, psychological, and social perspectives.

Abstract

I. Introduction.- 1 Development of the Stress Concept.- Stress Research in the 1960s.- The Changing Face of Stress.- Individual Susceptibility.- Current Theories of Stress.- References.- II. Some Theoretical Approaches.- 2 A Conceptual Model for the Examination of Stress Dynamics.- Parallel Systems.- Physiological System Functioning.- Psychological System Functioning.- Social System Functioning.- Dynamics of System Interaction.- Symptoms and Sources.- Life Events and Coping.- Feedback.- Inter- and Intrasystem Manifestations of Stress.- Stress as Discrepancy.- Applicability of Neurological Descriptors.- Recovery Time.- Predisposing versus Precipitating.- Life Events and Life Cycles.- The Disparity Model.- Control of Stress.- References.- 3 Specificity and Stress Research.- Pathogen Reaction Model.- Cumulative Stress Effects.- Counting the Cumulative Effects of Stress.- Causal Stress Models.- Transactional Model.- Appraisal.- Individual Differences.- Some Additional Considerations.- Implications and Problems.- Conclusion.- References.- 4 Cognitive Theories of Stress and the Issue of Circularity.- Psychopathology and Confounding in the Hassles Scale.- Psychological Stress: Rubric or Variable?.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Behavior Economics as an Approach to Stress Theory.- Benefits and Costs of Coping: Theoretical Considerations.- Reduction and Induction of Stress by Health Advancement Measures: A Field Study.- Stress-inducing and Stress-reducing Effects of Planning: An Experimental Study.- References.- III. Psychophysiological Considerations.- 6 A Psychobiological Framework for Research on Human Stress and Coping.- Endocrine Markers of Stressful Person-Environment Interactions.- Adrenal Hormones: Cornerstones in Stress Research.- Activation of the Adrenal-Medullary Response.- Activation of the Corticosteroid Response.- Patterns of Endocrine Stress Responses.- Personal Control and Health Outcomes.- The Unwinding Process.- Who Benefits from Personal Control?.- References.- 7 Theoretical and Empirical Considerations in the Theory of Stress from a Psychophysiological Point of View.- Theoretical Considerations.- The Problem of the Origin of Stress.- The Problem of the Characterization of Stress.- The Problem of the Relationship of Stress and Disease.- Empirical Results of Psychophysiological Investigations.- Problem One: Action-oriented Personality Traits and Psychophysiological Activation.- Problem Two: Importance of and Influencing Factors in Psychophysiological Strain Reactions.- References.- 8 Ergopsychometric Testing: Predicting and Actualizing Optimum Performance under Load.- Real Load versus Laboratory Simulation.- The Typology Load-Stable and Load-Instable.- Approach and Avoidance Types.- The Diagnosis of Ergopsychometry-Testing under Load.- Physiological Indicators of Activation.- Therapy for the Training Champion.- Discussion.- References.- 9 Voice, Stress, and Emotion.- The Voice as an Indicator of Speaker State.- Individual Differences in Vocal Indicators of Stress.- Stress and Emotion: Toward an Integrated Model.- References.- IV. Coping and Stress.- 10 Coping as a Moderator and Mediator between Stress at Work and Psychosomatic Complaints.- Study Methods and Design.- Measures of Stress.- Measures of Coping.- Factor-Derived Scales.- Additional Scales.- Methods of Analysis.- Results and Discussion.- Stress and Coping.- Coping and Psychosomatic Complaints.- Coping as Mediator or Moderator of the Relationship between Objective and Subjective Stress.- Coping as Mediator or Moderator of the Relationship between Stress and Psychosomatic Complaints.- Longitudinal Findings.- Interpretation.- Some Remaining Problems of Interpretation.- References.- 11 Coping with Stress: Dispositions, Strategies, and the Problem of Measurement.- Definition of Coping.- The Role of the Situation in Determining Coping Efficacy.- Dispositional Determinants of Coping Acts.- The Assessment of Coping Dispositions.- Coping Processes as Indicators of Coping Dispositions.- References.- 12 A Self-Presentational View of Coping with Stress.- Self-Presentation.- Stress and Self-Presentation.- Coping and Self-Presentation.- Defensive Strategies.- Self-Handicapping.- Self-Serving Explanations.- Self-Deception.- Self-Extending Strategies.- Self-Presentation and Anxiety.- Individual Differences in Self-Presentation.- An Individual-Centered Approach to the Assessment of Self-Presentation and Coping.- References.- V. Psychosocial Aspects of Stress.- 13 Social Support and Depression.- Stressors and Their Meaning.- Vulnerability to Depression.- Social Support.- Discussion.- References.- 14 Note on a Program of Research on Alternative Social Psychological Models of Relationships between Life Stress and Psychopathology.- What We Would Like to Explain.- Components of Life Stress Processes.- Recent Events.- Ongoing Social Situation.- Personal Dispositions.- Alternative Social Psychological Models of Life Stress Processes.- An Underlying Social Psychological Issue.- Methodological Problems.- On-Going Studies.- Conclusion.- References.- 15 The Effect of Hope on Coping with Stress.- The Work of Hoping.- Metaphors of Hoping.- Hope as a Protected Area.- Hoping as a Bridge.- Hoping as Intention.- Hoping as Performance.- Hoping as an End in Itself.- Hope as an Illusion.- Hope versus Denial.- Hopelessness versus Helplessness.- Manipulation of Hope: A Research Paradigm.- References.- VI. Overview.- 16 Dynamics of Stress and Its Control.- Predisposition.- Context and Meaning.- Feedback.- Time and Timing.- Appraisal.- Coping.- Disparity Control.- Methods and Measurement.- Stress and Adjustment.- Dynamics of Stress and Its Control.- Implications.- References.- Author Index.