Early influenza virus characterisation and vaccine effectiveness in England in autumn 2025, a period dominated by influenza A(H3N2) subclade K

Abstract

Influenza A(H3N2) subclade K (J.2.4.1) has dominated the 2025/26 season start in England. Post-infection ferret antisera raised against northern hemisphere 2025/26 vaccine strains showed reduced reactivity to subclade K viruses in England, aligning with World Health Organization reports. Nevertheless, early post-vaccination, vaccine effectiveness against influenza-related emergency department attendances and hospital admissions remained within typical ranges, at 72-75% in children and adolescents (< 18 years) and 32-39% in adults. Hence, vaccination remains effective against clinical disease caused by influenza A(H3N2) viruses.