Reimagining Rural and Small-Town Water Supply in Ghana through Inclusive Governance and Sustainable Models

Abstract

Water supply management in Ghana’s rural and small-town communities is undergoing significant transformation due to persistent sustainability challenges. This study evaluates three primary management models: Community Ownership and Management (COM), Public Utility, and Consultative (Hybrid). The central research question guiding the study is: How do different water governance models influence the effectiveness, equity, and sustainability of rural and small-town water supply systems in Ghana? Drawing on stakeholder interviews and field data, the study evaluates the performance of each model across institutional arrangements, financial sustainability, community participation, and service delivery. The COM model has expanded access since the 1990s, increasing rural coverage from 27% in 1990 to 62.13% by 2017. However, frequent system breakdowns, poor maintenance, and weak financial structures have limited its long-term viability. Recent reforms have shifted responsibilities to the Community Water and Sanitation Agency, employing professional staff under a utility model. While this ensures technical competence and improved accountability, it risks marginalising communities and vulnerable groups. The study recommends a consultative management model that strikes a balance between professional oversight and community participation. Key recommendations include establishing District Water Development Boards, enhancing financing strategies, ensuring gender inclusion, and advancing sustainable service delivery. This integrated approach offers a path toward inclusive and resilient water governance in Ghana.