SoK: Watermarking for AI-Generated Content

Abstract

As the outputs of generative AI (GenAl) techniques improve in quality, it becomes increasingly challenging to distinguish them from human-created content. Watermarking schemes are a promising approach to address the problem of distinguishing between AI and human-generated content. These schemes embed hidden signals within AI -generated content to enable reliable detection. While watermarking is not a silver bullet for addressing all risks associated with GenAl, it can play a crucial role in enhancing AI safety and trustworthiness by combating misinformation and deception. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of water-marking techniques for GenAl, beginning with the need for watermarking from historical and regulatory perspectives. We formalize the definitions and desired properties of watermarking schemes and examine the key objectives and threat models for existing approaches. Practical evaluation strategies are also explored, providing insights into the development of robust watermarking techniques capable of resisting various attacks. Additionally, we review recent representative works, highlight open challenges, and discuss potential directions for this emerging field. By offering a thorough understanding of watermarking in GenAl, this work aims to guide researchers in advancing watermarking methods and applications, and support policymakers in addressing the broader implications of GenAl.