Photoelectrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Using g-C₃N₄ Hybrids: Review and Perspectives

Abstract

Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) stands at the forefront of sustainable technologies, offering promising solutions for environmental remediation and CO 2 reduction. This review delves into the synergistic integration of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), two advanced materials with transformative potential in PEC systems. The discussion spans critical aspects of PEC, including mechanisms underlying PEC oxidation and CO 2 reduction, alongside innovative strategies for enhancing charge separation, surface reactions, and catalytic efficiency. Particular attention is devoted to MOF/g-C 3 N 4 composites, which exhibit exceptional properties and synergistic effects that elevate PEC performance. The review further evaluates these materials’ techno-economic feasibility, sustainability metrics, and commercialization readiness, providing a holistic view of their practical applicability. By synthesizing the latest advancements and identifying key research gaps, this work highlights the transformative role of g-C 3 N 4 and MOFs in shaping the future of sustainable PEC systems. Offering actionable insights into design innovations and process optimization, this review paves the way for scalable, cost-benign solutions to pressing global challenges.