1c:I[419806,["/_next/static/chunks/bb923814e1f4d2e9.js","/_next/static/chunks/dd3ee9f5b7716ca6.js","/_next/static/chunks/4204a0ae82542ca8.js","/_next/static/chunks/1270dead247da766.js","/_next/static/chunks/6e1aa89a642f40be.js","/_next/static/chunks/2d7aa753e81324a8.js","/_next/static/chunks/8ffd0b71567920d8.js","/_next/static/chunks/67ea6dfd21f16c5f.js","/_next/static/chunks/24eb4379f68013fd.js","/_next/static/chunks/b8cd775ffdf935bd.js","/_next/static/chunks/983103cd9eb7b428.js","/_next/static/chunks/263f2cdcb9aa2341.js","/_next/static/chunks/294b9525248c8e5f.js"],"default"] 1d:T523,The limitations of the Haber-Bosch reaction, particularly high-temperature operation, have ignited new interests in low-temperature ammonia-synthesis scenarios. Ambient N₂ electroreduction is a compelling alternative but is impeded by a low ammonia production rate (mostly <10 mmol g_cat^-1 h^-1), a small partial current density (<1 mA cm^-2), and a high-selectivity hydrogen-evolving side reaction. Herein, we report that room-temperature nitrate electroreduction catalyzed by strained ruthenium nanoclusters generates ammonia at a higher rate (5.56 mol g_cat^-1 h^-1) than the Haber-Bosch process. The primary contributor to such performance is hydrogen radicals, which are generated by suppressing hydrogen-hydrogen dimerization during water splitting enabled by the tensile lattice strains. The radicals expedite nitrate-to-ammonia conversion by hydrogenating intermediates of the rate-limiting steps at lower kinetic barriers. The strained nanostructures can maintain nearly 100% ammonia-evolving selectivity at >120 mA cm^-2 current densities for 100 h due to the robust subsurface Ru-O coordination. These findings highlight the potential of nitrate electroreduction in real-world, low-temperature ammonia synthesis.1e:T532,Electrocatalytic reduction is a promising approach to remediate nitrate (NO3–), one of the world’s most widespread water pollutants. In the present work, we elucidate activity and selectivity trends of transition metals for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to benign or value-added products such as N2 and NH3. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we find that the adsorption strengths of oxygen and nitrogen atoms act as descriptors for the overall activity and selectivity of nitrate reduction electrocatalysts. Nitrate reduction rates, volcano plots, surface species coverages, and the degree of rate control were predicted for transition metal electrocatalysts as a function of applied potential using DFT-based microkinetic modeling. Our microkinetic model rationalizes a number of experimental observations including the activity trends of pure metals and our in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements of competitive adsorption between hydrogen and nitrate on Pt/C. We also predict that Fe3Ru, Fe3Ni, Fe3Cu, and Pt3Ru are promising catalysts for nitrate electroreduction toward N2 with relatively high activity and selectivity. Ultimately, this work gives insight into nitrate reduction on transition metal surfaces and can guide the design of improved electrocatalysts for nitrate remediation.1f:T427,Access to nitrogen-based fertilizers is critical to maximize agricultural yield, as nitrogen is the most common rate-limiting nutrient. Nearly all nitrogen-based fertilizers rely on ammonia and nitric acid as feedstocks, and thus the demand for these chemicals is heavily dependent on the global population and food demand. Over the next three decades, the global population will continue to dictate the market size and value for ammonia and nitric acid, which consequently will have a significant impact on our energy infrastructure. Here, we discuss the potential for carbon-free electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction, nitrogen oxidation, and nitrate reduction to meet fertilizer manufacturing demands. We also explore various growth scenarios to predict the 2050 market size and value for ammonia and nitric acid. We highlight that if the cur

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