Vortex generators in heat sinks: Design, optimisation, applications and future trends

Abstract

• Delta VGs enhance heat transfer but raise pressure drop significantly. • Rectangular VGs balance heat transfer with moderate pressure drop. • Perforated VGs reduce pressure drop while maintaining heat transfer. • Nanofluids with VGs improve heat transfer up to 30.63 %. • RSM and ANN optimise VGs for better thermal performance. Vortex generators (VGs) have been identified as an exceedingly effective method in augmenting heat transfer in minichannels, a significant feature of cutting-edge heat sinks, heat exchangers and electronics cooling tools. This paper aims to discuss the various types of vortex generators, specifically delta winglet, rectangular winglet, trapezoidal and perforated, as well as their impact on improving convective heat transfer. This study focuses on the configurations that define geometric parameters, including the angle of attack, height and spacing in relation to the improvement in thermal or hydraulic performance. Strategies such as nanofluids, dimples, Response Surface Methodology analysis and Artificial Neural Networks are crucial to improve VG designs to maximise thermal efficiency and minimise pressure loss. Additionally, the paper considers potential trends, such as the further miniaturisation of the VGs in terms of micro-level utilisation, more intricate VG shapes, together with the development of smart VGs that can alter their configuration depending on the current thermal conditions. To conclude, this review will provide beneficial information pertaining to current VG technology, the application of VG in high-performance cooling systems, and also identify areas for future research concerning VG technology.