Building energy technologies towards achieving net-zero pathway: A comprehensive review, challenges and future directions

Abstract

The increasing global demand for energy in buildings, spurred by population growth, heightened indoor activities, and climate change, accounts for nearly 40% of worldwide energy usage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, intensifying global warming and associated environmental challenges. This research explores Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) as a vital approach to reduce energy consumption and emissions from buildings. The objective of the study is to present a thorough examination of the NZEB concept, emphasizing definitions, energy-efficient technologies, renewable energy incorporation, and implementation methods. A detailed analysis was carried out to assess passive energy-saving methods, energy-efficient building systems, renewable energy technologies, and grid infrastructure solutions. Findings indicate that NZEBs can achieve considerable energy savings; however, their adoption is obstructed by high upfront costs, energy storage limitations, grid integration challenges, occupant behavior, and supply chain issues. To address these obstacles, a comprehensive strategy focusing on advanced building materials, renewable energy integration with storage options, and optimized building design is recommended. This research highlights the significance of NZEBs as a means to realize energy-efficient and sustainable buildings, aiding in the achievement of global net-zero objectives by 2050. The uniqueness of this study lies in its in-depth exploration of the challenges and solutions related to NZEBs. These findings deliver critical insights for sustainable building practices and energy policy formulation, fostering wider applications of NZEBs in combating climate change. • Net-zero energy building concepts and implementation strategies are explained. • Advancements in energy-efficient building service systems are summarised. • Renewable energy integrated advanced building technologies are reviewed. • Power grid, energy storage and district heating/cooling systems are highlighted. • Challenges and future directions on building energy technologies are demonstrated.