Elucidating the Structural Evolution of O3-type NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂: A Prototype Cathode for Na-Ion Battery

Abstract

Extending the depth-of-charge (DoC) of the layered oxide cathode presents an essential route to improve the competitiveness of the Na-ion battery versus the commercialized LiFePO 4 -based Li-ion battery (0.8 CNY/Wh). However, the DoC-dependent boundary between detrimental/irreversible structural distortion and neutral/reversible structure interconversion cannot be clearly distinguished, which is attributed to the ambiguous recognition of correlation among the complex phase transition, local covalent environment evolution, and charge compensation. Herein, to bridge the above gap, we employed O3-NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as the prototype cathode and extended the target DoC from typical Na0.4 (∼125 mAh/g, 4.0 V cutoff) to Na0.2 (∼180 mAh/g, 4.3 V cutoff). Regarding phase transition and charge compensation, the O3-to-P3 phase transition occurs before moderate Na 0.4 -DoC (Fe/Mn redox silence, Ni oxidation dominated), while further desodiation (start from Na 0.4 ) induces a P-to-O slab transition, resulting in the coexistence of P3 and OP2 phases and subsequent OP2/O3 intergrowth phases at higher DoC (Na 0.2 ), upon which the Fe 3+ -to-Fe 4+ oxidation is activated for capacity contribution. The local covalent environment presents severer deviation at high DoC (merely 0.2 mol desodiation from Na 0.4 to Na 0.2 ), which can be attributed not only to the slab gliding induced by the P-to-O slab transition but also to the further aggravation caused by the Jahn–Teller distortion of the FeO 6 octahedron. Such irreversible distortion of the local covalent environment would be accumulated and evolved/deteriorated into structural degradation during long-term cycling. Furthermore, the rate-dependent artificial regulation of redox process has been demonstrated and the doping strategy toward structural stabilization has been proposed.