Comparison of Waymo rider-only crash data to human benchmarks at 7.1 million miles

Abstract

The statistically significant reductions in <i>police-reported</i> and <i>any injury reported</i> crash rates indicate a promising positive safety impact of ADS. The direction and significance of comparisons in the <i>any property damage or injury</i> outcome group are inconclusive due to difficulties in estimating a matching human benchmark. More research is needed on defining <i>any property damage or injury</i> benchmarks with clear lower reporting thresholds to reduce the systematic uncertainty in the benchmark rates. Together, these crash rate results contribute to the continuous growth in confidence, together with other methodologies, in a safety case approach.